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kinesiol 2y03 > quiz 2 > Flashcards

quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

question: how does the am. cav. fold at day 20

A
  1. longitudinally
    - lateral folds
    - endo. becomes gut tube
    - coelom in meso. becomes body cav.
    - ecto. becomes skin
  2. median plane
    - makes the head and tail folds
    - foregut and hindgut
    - allantois = part of bladder
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2
Q

question: how does the am. cav. fold at day 25

A
  • midgut gets defined
  • oropharyngeal + cloacal mem. touching ectoderm
    ⤷ will eventually disintegrate to form opening for mouth and anus
  • yolk sac getting pinched + elongated
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3
Q

question: how does the am. cav. fold at day 30

A
  • am. cav. reaches all the way around germ layers
    ⤷ ecto. folds around oropharyngeal + cloacal mem.
  • lateral folds become am. cav.
    ⤷ surrounds embryo
    ⤷ gut tube extends from oropharyngeal to cloacal mem.
  • evagination from gut tube becomes:
    ⤷ ant. pituitary
    ⤷ thyroid glands
    ⤷ lungs
    ⤷ liver
    ⤷ pancreas
    ⤷ brachial arches (pharynx, auditory tubes, tonsils, thymus, parathyroid glands)
  • coelom
    ⤷ fuses around heart -> pericardial cav.
    ⤷ expands -> pleural + peritoneal cav.
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4
Q

define: evagination

A
  • outer pouch/pocket forming off side of organ
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5
Q

explain: limb bud development (date + location)

A
  • upper = 24 days
  • lower = 28 days
  • limb tissues laid down in proximal to distal seq.
  • apical ectodermal ridges form
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6
Q

define: apical ectodermal ridges

A
  • thickening of ecto. (outer cells)
  • stim. outward growth
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7
Q

question: what forms 1. skeleton 2. muscle 3. nervous sys.

A
  1. skeleton
    - meso. or neural crest cells
  2. muscle
    - myoblasts: early emb. cells that become skeletal musc. fibers
    ⤷ derived from somites
  3. nervous sys.
    - neural tube
    - neural crest cells
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8
Q

explain: thalidomide

A
  • drug from 1950s prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness
  • led to developmental issues and miscarriages
    ⤷ caused no limbs and/or underdeveloped organ sys.
  • found to inhibit formation of blood vessel
    ⤷ apical dermal ridge has no blood supply -> stunts growth
  • once off drug, growth continued but skipped over a stage
    ⤷ continued growing from hands and feet
    ⤷ resulting in short/no limbs
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9
Q

define: blood islands and angioblasts

A
  • blood islands: groups of angioblasts around meso.
    ⤷ on surface of yolk sac and inside embryo
  • angioblast: cell that diff. into endothelium of embryonic blood cells (blood vessels)
    ⤷ inside meso. = blood cells
    ⤷ outside meso. = blood vessels
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10
Q

explain: steps for heart development with dates

A
  • day 20
    ⤷ 2 endocardial tubes form
  • day 21
    ⤷ endocardial tubes fuse together to form primitive heart tube
  • day 22
    ⤷ regions of heart tube start forming (4 dilations)
  • day 23 - 24 (bending of primitive heart)
    ⤷ heart bends to resemble the orientation of adult
  • day 28
    ⤷ atria and ventricles are in final adult position
  • day 46 - 50
    ⤷ blood flows through foramen ovale to bypass lungs
    ⤷ stays like this until birth
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11
Q

name: main dilations of primitive heart tube (4)

A
  1. sinus venosus
  2. atrium
  3. ventricle
  4. bulbus cordis
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12
Q

explain: changes in circulatory sys. of unborn fetus (compared to regular path)

A
  • blood bypasses lungs
    ⤷ no O2 in lungs
  • blood bypasses liver
  • placenta has oxygenated blood (no need lungs) and filters blood (no need liver)
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13
Q

question: how is blood carried to and from fetus (which structures)?

A
  • O2 blood from placenta goes to fetus from umbilical vein
  • O2 poor blood goes from fetus by umbilical arteries
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14
Q

explain: changes to circulatory sys. of newborn (from unborn fetus -> newborn)

A
  • cut off supply from mat. O2 and nutrients
    ⤷ O2 lvls drop in child -> triggers breathing
  • air enters lungs -> blood flows into pulmonary artery
  • blood passes lungs
    ⤷ begins “proper” movement of blood
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15
Q

question: what happens to fetal circulatory structures when born?

A
  • foramen ovale closes
    ⤷ psi builds in L atria
  • ductus venosus, umb. vein and artery all degenerate
  • ductus arteriosus closes
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16
Q

explain: pathway of blood in adult body

A
  1. deoxy. blood enters at inferior vena cava
  2. enters right atrium
  3. passes blood to right ventricle
  4. exits through pulmonary arteries to lungs
  5. pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to heart
  6. enters left atrium
  7. passes blood to left ventricle
  8. exits through aorta to organs
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17
Q

explain: pathway of blood in unborn fetus

A
  1. oxy. + filtered blood from placenta bypasses liver through ductus venosus to vena cava (+ supplies some blood to liver)
  2. inferior vena cava directs mix of oxy. blood from placenta + deoxy. blood from body into right atrium
  3. passes blood through foramen ovale into left atrium (some goes through to right ventricle)
  4. blood bypasses lungs through ductus arteriosus and enters aorta
  5. supplies fetus body + supplies some blood to lungs
  6. blood enters umbilical arteries
  7. blood goes to placenta to be oxygenated
  8. umbilical veins carry oxy. blood to fetus back to ductus venosus
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18
Q

question: which struc. divert blood away from liver and lungs in fetal circ. sys.?

A
  • ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale divert from lungs
  • ductus venosus diverts from liver
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19
Q

question: how does the ductus venosus bypass the liver?

A
  • connects placenta (by umbilical vein) directly to inferior vena cava
  • puts placenta’s already filtered blood directly into fetal circulation system

**ductus venosus also acts as attachment for umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
⤷ vein carries blood from placenta (to get O2) back to body

20
Q

question: how does the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale bypass the lungs?

A

DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
- in between pulmonary trunk and aorta
- pumps blood out of right ventricle
- takes blood directly into aorta (avoiding lungs and left heart)

FORAMEN OVALE
- hole in between right and left atria
- directs blood to L side of heart -> ductus arteriosus

21
Q

question: how does foramen ovale stay open?

A
  • increased pressure on R side of heart
  • keeps hole open
  • allows blood flow into L side of heart
22
Q

compare: primitive heart tube structures with fully formed versions

A
  • sinus venosus -> sinoatrial node + part of right atrium
  • atrium -> left atrium + part of right atrium
  • ventricle -> most of left ventricle
  • bulbus cordis -> most of right ventricle
23
Q

compare: fetal heart struc. with full formed versions

A
  • foramen ovale -> fossa ovalis
  • ductus arteriosus -> ligamentum arteriosum
  • ductus venousus -> ligamentum venosum
  • umb. vein -> round ligament
  • umb. arteries -> medial umb. ligaments
24
Q

explain: dev. of respiratory sys. by day 28

A
  • lungs began as a single mid-line evagination of foregut
  • lung buds begin branching off of developing trachea (tracheal bud)
  • branching of bronchi cont.d up to 17 generations (up to 24 gen. in adults)
25
Q

name: main tissue types (4)

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
26
Q

describe: epithelial tissue charac.

A
  • covers body surfaces + forms glands
  • lines:
    ⤷ outer surface of body
    ⤷ digestive, resp, urogenital sys.
    ⤷ heart and blood vessels
    ⤷ body cav.
  • has free (apical), basal, lateral surfaces
    ⤷ basement mem. (acellular glue) is attached to basal surface
  • avascular
  • regenerative
27
Q

name: func. of epithelium (5)

A
  1. protection
  2. barrier
  3. diffusion
  4. secretion
  5. absorption
28
Q

explain: cell surface mod. for epi. tissues (2)

A
  1. microvilli
    - finger-like struc.
    - increase SA for absorp. and secret.
    - stationary
  2. cilia
    - hairs (look like microvilli)
    - move materials across surface
    - move
29
Q

name + define: classification of epi. (3, 4)

A

type of cells
1. simple: 1 layer of cells (all contacting basement mem.)
2. stratified: more than 1 layer of cells
3. pseudostratified: looks stratified but all connected to basement mem.

shape
1. squamous: flat
2. cuboidal: cube (width = length)
3. columnar: taller than wide
4. transitional (stratified tissue): can change shape between cuboidal/columnar to squamous when stretched

30
Q

recap: func. to charac. of epithelial tissues

A
  • simple
    ⤷ diffusion of gases
    ⤷ filtration of blood
    ⤷ secretion + absorption
  • stratified
    ⤷ protection (esp. for abrasion)
  • pseudostratified
    ⤷ like simple
    ⤷ secrete and move mucus
  • squamous
    ⤷ diffusion
    ⤷ filters
  • cuboidal + columnar
    ⤷ secretion + absorption
    ⤷ goblet cells (secrete + prod. mucus)
31
Q

explain: keratin and epi. tissue

A
  • stratified tissue can be keratinized
  • non keratinized
    ⤷ moist
    ⤷ contains live cells
    ⤷ usually covered in fluids
  • keratinized
    ⤷ dry and moisture resistant
    ⤷ contains dead cells
    ⤷ durable
32
Q

question: which tissue type can be ciliated or have microvilli?

A
  • columnar
    ⤷ simple, pseudostratified
33
Q

define: gland

A
  • epithelium w/ supporting network of connective tissues
  • adapted for secretion
  • 2 types
34
Q

name: types of glands (2)

A
  • 2 types from epithelium
    1. endocrine: no contact w/ exterior
    2. exocrine: contacts exterior

**glands secreting mucus to digestive tract = exocrine

35
Q

explain: endocrine glands

A
  • no contact w/ exterior
  • no ducts + prod. hormones
  • secretes hormones to circulate to other organs
  • secretes into ex. bloodstream
36
Q

explain: exocrine glands

A
  • contacts exterior
  • has ducts
  • prod. fluid (ex. sweat) and exits through body through duct
  • glands secreting to digestive tract = exocrine
    ⤷ bc lumen = ext. surface
    ⤷ bc GI tract opens to exterior from mouth and anus
37
Q

question: where is non ciliated columnar epithelium found?

A

NON CILIATED COLUMNAR
- lining of gut
⤷ absorb nut., secrete fluids

38
Q

question: where is ciliated columnar epithelium found?

A

CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR
- uterine tube

39
Q

question: where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia found?

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR (CILIA)
- upper resp. tract
⤷ removes unwanted phlegm/particles in eso./throat area

40
Q

question: where is transitional epithelium found?

A

TRANSITIONAL
- lining of ureter (bladder)

41
Q

question: where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
- lining of kidneys
⤷ protection

42
Q

question: where is non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

NON KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
- vaginal tissue
⤷ protect against friction

43
Q

question: where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

A

KERITANIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
- skin

44
Q

question: where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
- serous mem.

45
Q

question: what are the layers of the chorion (and surrounding blood supplies) in the correct order from maternal side to fetal side? (basement membrane, lacuna, fetal capillary, syncytiotrophoblast)

A
  • lacuna
  • syncytiotrophoblast
  • basement membrane
  • fetal capillary

kinesiol 2y03 (18 decks)

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