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kinesiol 2y03 > exam review - quiz 3 > Flashcards

exam review - quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

name: func. of connective tissues

A
  • enclose org.
  • connect tissues to each other
    ⤷ also separates tissues
  • support + mvt. (bones)
    ⤷ bones are also store of calcium
  • storage (fat)
  • cushion + insulate (fat)
  • transport (blood)
  • protect (cells in immune sys.)
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2
Q

name + explain/define: cells in CT (5)

A
  1. blasts: create extracellular matrix
  2. cytes: maintain matrix
  3. clasts: break matrix for remodeling
  4. macrophages: engulf + digest things that shouldn’t be in tissue
    ⤷ come from WBC
  5. masts: secrete heparin (histamine)
    ⤷ allergy -> release of histamine
    ⤷ assoc. w/ inflammation
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3
Q

name: components of extracellular matrix (2)

A
  1. protein fibers
  2. ground substance
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4
Q

name + explain: protein fibers in extracellular matrix (3)

A
  1. collagen
    - most common prot.
    - strong, flexible, inelastic
    - thick fibers
    - fibers running in one direction along one length ∴ strong
  2. reticular
    - fills spaces between tissues + org.
    - thin fibers
    - fibers aligned in many directions (irreg.)
  3. elastic
    - returns to OG shape after distension/compression
    - has prot. elastin
    - cross linked mol.
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5
Q

explain: ground substance in extracellular matrix

A
  • proteoglycans = long prot. core w/ many polysacch.
    ⤷ most common polysacch. = glycoaminoglycans
  • proteoglycans aggregate held by hyaluronic A
  • hold water
    ⤷ dep. on type of CT, may want more/less water in ground subs.
  • adhesion prot. hold agg. together + allow to attach to other things
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6
Q

name: types of mature CT (3)

A
  1. CT proper
  2. supporting CT
  3. fluid CT
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7
Q

explain: loose areolar tissue (ex., func., struc., location)

A
  • ex. skin
  • loose packing mat. of most org.+ tissues
  • attaches skin to tissue underneath
  • collagen, reticular, elastic
  • has many cell types
    ⤷ macrophages, WBC, fibroblasts
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8
Q

explain: adipose tissue (ex., func., struc., location)

A
  • ex. near areolar tissue
  • elastin + collagen
  • specialised to store triglycerides
  • serves as E store, support/protection for org., insulation/thermoreg.
  • stored as either visceral/subcutaneous
  • quite densely packed
  • organelles pushed to side of cells
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9
Q

explain: dense reg. collagenous CT (ex., func., struc., location)

A
  • ex. tendons and ligaments
  • abundant collagen in same direction
  • tendons = muscle to bone
  • ligament = bone to bone
  • resists stretching
  • strong along direction of fibers
    ⤷ but weak in other direction
    ⤷ easy injury/tearing in other direction
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10
Q

explain: dense irreg. collagenous CT (ex., func., struc., location)

A
  • ex. dermis, scars, capsules in kidney/spleen
  • fibers arrang. in random network
    ⤷ not really random
    ⤷ in many directions
  • strong in many directions
    ⤷ but not as strong as dense reg. collagenous
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11
Q

explain: dense reg. elastic CT (ex., func., struc., location)

A
  • ex. vocal folds, nuchal ligament
  • mostly elastic (some collagen)
    ⤷ collagen gives strength
    ⤷ need to be elastic when vocal chords stretch or positioning of head
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12
Q

explain: dense irreg. elastic CT (ex., func., struc., location)

A
  • ex. elastic arteries
  • bundles and sheets of collagenous + elastic fibers
  • mostly elastic (some collagen)
  • need stretchy in many directions (irreg.)
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13
Q

name: func. of nervous sys. (3)

A
  1. sensory
    ⤷ sensing changes through recept.
  2. motor
    ⤷ resp. to stim.
  3. integrative
    ⤷ analyze incoming sensory info
    ⤷ store info
    ⤷ makes decisions

**neurons can be one of the three func. not a mix

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14
Q

name: components of CNS vs PNS

A
  • CNS
    ⤷ brain
    ⤷ spinal cord
  • PNS
    ⤷ nerves
    ⤷ sensory recep.
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15
Q

name + define: components of PNS (4)

A
  • sensory recep.: ending of neurons or sep. specialized cells that detect things
  • nerve: bundle of axons + their sheaths
    ⤷ connect CNS to sensory recep., musc., glands
    ⤷ 12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves
  • ganglion: collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS
  • plexus: network of axons (nerves)
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16
Q

name + define: divisions of PNS (2)

A
  1. sensory/afferent
    - transmits action potentials from recep. to CNS
  2. motor/efferent
    - transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors
17
Q

name + define: divisions of PNS sensory division (2)

A
  1. general senses: recep. throughout body
  2. special sense: recep. in specific organs
18
Q

name: division of PNS motor division (3)

A
  1. somatic NS
  2. autonomic NS
    a) sympathetic
    b) parasympathetic
  3. enteric NS
19
Q

name + define: nervous sys. cells (2)

A
  1. neurons/nerve cells
    - receive stim. + transmit action potential to other neurons or effectors
  2. neuroglia/glial cells
    - non-neural cells (no action potential)
    - protect + support neurons
20
Q

name: types of neurons using func. (3) and struc. (3) classifications

A

FUNC.
1. sensory/afferent: actional potential towards CNS
2. motor/efferent: AP away from CNS
3. interneurons/association neurons: w/in CNS from 1 neuron to another

STRUC.
1. multipolar: many dendrites, 1 axon
2. bipolar: 1 dendrite, 1, axon
3. unipolar (pseudo-unipolar): single process
⤷ divides into 2 branches

21
Q

name + explain: supporting cells in CNS (4)

A
  1. astrocytes
    ⤷ star shaped
    ⤷ releases chem. to form tight junctions
    ⤷ helps regulate mvt. in and out
    - formed blood brain barrier to protect against toxic subs.
  2. ependymal
    ⤷ cuboidal/columnar shaped
    ⤷ in ventricles of brain, central canal of spinal cord
    - helps form choroid plexus -> prod. cerebral spinal fluid
    ⤷ ciliated to help move cerebral spinal fluid through ventricles
  3. microglia
    ⤷ specialized macrophages
    ⤷ remove unwanted subs. and dead tissue in CNS
    ⤷ remove via phagocytosis
  4. oligodendrocytes
    ⤷ forms myelin sheath around several axons
    ⤷ wrap around axon many times
    ⤷ CNS equivalent to schwann cells
    ⤷ propagate and increase rate of action potential
22
Q

name + explain: supporting cells in PNS

A
  1. schwann cells
    ⤷ wrap around axon many times
    ⤷ form myelin sheath around only 1 axon
    ⤷ PNS equivalent to oligodendrocytes
    ⤷ propagate and increase rate of action potential
  2. satellite cells
    ⤷ surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
    ⤷ provides nutrients to cell body
    ⤷ flatenned cell over neuron body
23
Q

name: white and gray matter in CNS vs PNS

A

CNS
- white = tract: bundle of mye. axons
- gray = nucleus: collection of neuron cell bodies

PNS
- whites: nerves
- gray: ganglion

24
Q

define: white vs gray matter

A
  • white = myelinated axons
  • gray = unmyelinated axons
    ⤷ decision making
    ⤷ synapses
25
Q

name: location of white and gray matter in spinal cord + brain

A

SPINAL CORD
- white = outer
- gray = inner (in H shape)

BRAIN
- white = inner
- gray = outer

26
Q

describe: order of structures when perceiving motor stim (ex. seeing a bear) (8)

A
  1. sensory recep.
  2. afferent neuron
  3. CNS
  4. 1st efferent neuron
  5. automatic ganglion
  6. 2nd efferent neuron
  7. synapse w/ heart
  8. heart rate increase

receptor -> sensory NS -> CNS -> motor NS -> effector

27
Q

explain: types of mature CT (3)

A
  1. CT proper
  • loose = less prot. fibers, more ground subs.
    ⤷ areolar (collagen), adipose, reticular
  • dense = more prot. fibers, less ground subs.
    ⤷ reg./irreg. collagenous, reg./irreg. elastic
  1. supporting CT
    - cartilage and bone
  2. fluid CT
    - blood
28
Q

question: types of prot. fibers in regular collagenous vs regular elastic

A
  • regular collagenous = doesn’t really have elastic
    ⤷ mostly collagenous tissue
  • regular elastic = has a little collagen
    ⤷ collagen for a little strength
29
Q

recap: where is each type of CT found?

A

LOOSE AREOLAR
- skin

ADIPOSE
- adipose tissue

DENSE REG COLLAGENOUS
- tendons and ligaments

DENSE IRREG COLLAGENOUS
- dermis (skin)
- scars
- kidney and spleen

DENSE REG ELASTIC
- vocal folds

DENSE IRREG ELASTIC
- elastic arteries

30
Q

explain: somatic NS

A
  • division of PNS
  • CNS for skeletal sys.
  • voluntary
  • single neuron sys.
  • synapse w/ muscle sys.
31
Q

explain: autonomic NS

A
  • division of PNS
  • CNS to smooth musc., cardiac musc., glands
  • involuntary
  • 2 neuron sys.
    ⤷ from CNS to ganglion, from ganglion to effector
  • 2 types

a) sympathetic
- prep. body for any physical activity
- increases heart rate
- fight vs flight

b) parasympathetic
- regulates resting func.
- active when body not physical
- decreases heart rate

32
Q

explain: enteric NS

A
  • division of PNS
  • plexuses w/in wall of digestive tract
  • controls tract indep. of CNS
  • sensory: monitor chem. envrt. + stretching of walls
  • motor: contracting musc. + control secretions of GI organs

kinesiol 2y03 (18 decks)

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