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kinesiol 2y03 > quiz 7 > Flashcards

quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

name: general senses (5, 2) vs special senses (5)

A

GENERAL
- somatic
⤷ touch
⤷ pressure
⤷ proprioception
⤷ temperature
⤷ pain

  • visceral
    ⤷ pressure
    ⤷ pain

SPECIAL
⤷ smell
⤷ taste
⤷ sight
⤷ hearing
⤷ balance

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2
Q

name + define: types of sensors (5)

A
  1. mechanoreceptors: compression, bending, stretching of cells
    ⤷ change shape of receptor to trigger mvt. of ions
    ⤷ for touch, psi, proprioception, hearing
  2. chemoreceptors: chem. become attached to recep. on their mem.
    ⤷ change mem. potential
    ⤷ for smell and taste
  3. thermoreceptors: resp. to temp.
    ⤷ prot. embedded in mem. make it change w/ temp -> change in channels -> change in potential
  4. photoreceptors: resp. to light
    ⤷ for vision
  5. nociceptors: extreme mechanical/chem/thermal stim.
    ⤷ mechanorecep. for larger stim.
    ⤷ for pain
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3
Q

name: classes of odours (7)

A
  1. camphoraceous
  2. musty
  3. floral
  4. pepperminty
  5. ethereal
  6. pungent
  7. putrid
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4
Q

explain: diff. between primary and secondary olfactory cortex

A
  • primary = conscious perception of smells
    ⤷ frontal, mostly temporal lobe
  • secondary - visceral and emo. rxn to smell
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5
Q

explain: diff. in func. of basal cells and supporting cells (odour, gustation/taste buds)

A
  • basal = help regenerate epithelium cells (every 2 weeks for olfaction, 10 days for taste buds)
  • supporting cells = hold neurons in place
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6
Q

explain: role of mucus in olfaction (no mucus? too much mucus?)

A
  • produced by connective tissue layer
  • odourants need to dissolve in mucus for them to bind to hairs to create smell
  • too much mucus -> blocks the hairs
  • no mucus -> can’t dissolve the odourants
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7
Q

explain: adaptation to smells

A
  • too many smells can saturate receptors
  • saturated receptors can’t get any more signals
  • causes decreased sensitivity
  • synaptic inhibition:
    ⤷ neurons inhibit and block signals from going to cortex
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8
Q

explain: pathway for olfaction

A
  • odourant binds to chemoreceptors on hairs
  • causes depol.
  • depol. moves up bipolar cell to axon
    ⤷ brings info to cranial cav.
  • passes tissue + bone to reach olfactory bulb
  • bulb carries info to brain
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9
Q

explain: types of papillae (4)

A
  • have pockets in taste buds
    ⤷ pockets hold taste receptors
  1. vallate = v shaped border between ant. and post.
    ⤷ largest but least numerous (8 - 12)
    ⤷ has taste buds
  2. fungiform = mushroom shaped scattered on sup. part
    ⤷ has taste buds (around 5 per papillae)
  3. filiform = flame shaped on sup. part
    ⤷ most abundant
    ⤷ rough surface to manipulate food
    ⤷ no taste buds
  4. foliate = leaf shaped on lateral sides
    ⤷ has most sensitive taste buds
    ⤷ decrease in number w/ age
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10
Q

explain: diff. between hairs of olfaction and gustation

A
  • olfaction = cilia w/ chemoreceptors
  • gustation = microvilli w/ chemoreceptors
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11
Q

name: types of taste (4) + sort which ones are ions vs g-prot.

A
  1. salty
  2. sour
  3. sweet
  4. umami
  • salty and sour = ions cause depol. (H+ sour, Na+ salty)
  • sweet and umami = g-prot. activated
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12
Q

explain: neuronal pathways for taste

A
  • gustatory receptor cells
  • cranial nerves VII, IX, X
    ⤷ 7 = anterior 2 thirds of tongue
    ⤷ 9 = posterior third of tongue
    ⤷ 10 = epiglottis and throat
  • synapses at medulla
  • synapses at thalamus
  • info goes to taste area of insula
    ⤷ insula = 5th ish lobe of brain
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13
Q

explain: conjunctiva

A
  • mucus membrane over sclera
  • bulbar = covers sclera
  • palpebral = lines eyelid
  • attaches at palpebral fissure
  • lines inside of eyelid before folding back to cover eye
  • makes a pocket to protect inner organs
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14
Q

explain: function of lacrimal caruncle, palpebral fissure and medial canthus

A
  • lacrimal caruncle = produces eye boogers
  • palpebra = eyelid
  • palpebral fissure = opening for the eye/space between sup. and inf. palpebrae
  • medial canthus/commissure = place where the palpebrae meet
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15
Q

explain: flow of tears

A
  • lacrimal gland secretes into lacrimal ducts
  • ducts distribute tears over surface of eye
    ⤷ move towards medial commissure
  • superior or inferior lacrimal canaliculi drain tears into lacrimal sac
  • sac drains into nasolacrimal duct
  • duct drains into nasal cavity
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15
Q

name: directions the eye can look for lateral, medial, inferior, superior rectuses, and inferior and superior obliques

A
  • lateral rectus = lateral
  • medial rectus = medial
  • inferior rectus = medial and inferior
  • superior rectus = medial and superior
  • inferior oblique = superior and lateral
  • superior oblique = inferior and lateral
16
Q

explain: tunics of the eye (3)

A
  1. fibrous tunic (white part)
    - sclera = for shape, protection, attachment of musc.
    ⤷ provides shape + protection
  2. vascular tissue
    - choroid = blood supply + absorbs scattered light
    - anterior = ciliary body and iris
    ⤷ ciliary body = secretes aq. humor and changes shape of lens
    ⤷ iris = controls amount go light entering
  3. retina
    - inner most
    - has photoreceptor cells
    ⤷ 120M rods, 6 - 7M cones
    - gets light and converts it to receptor potentials and nerve impuses
17
Q

explain: func. of lens, anterior cavity, vitreous chamber

A
  • lens = refracts light
  • anterior cavity = holds aq. humor (supplies nutrients + holds shape)
  • vitreous humor = holds vitreous body
    ⤷ keeps retina attached to choroid
18
Q

name: 3 chambers of the eye

A
  1. anterior
  2. posterior
  3. vitreous
19
Q

explain: route of circulation of aq. humor

A
  1. ciliary processes (produce aq. humor)
  2. posterior chamber
  3. pupil
  4. anterior chamber
  5. sinus at edge of cornea
20
Q

explain: vascular tunic + effect on lens

A
  • outer musc. = radially
  • inner musc. = circularly
  • rest = suspensory ligaments pulled tight
    ⤷ pulls on lens making it flatter
  • circular musc. contract = smaller diameter -> less tension on suspensory ligaments
    ⤷ lens less flat, more sphere
21
Q

explain: iris and lens in dilation/constriction

A
  • bright light = pupil constricts w/ sphincter pupillae (circular musc.)
    ⤷ iris contract = parasympathetic
  • dim light = pupil dilates w/ dilator pupillae (radial musc.)
    ⤷ iris contract = sympathetic
22
Q

explain: retina (parts of retina)

A
  • fovea centralis = cones
  • macula = more cones than rods
    ⤷ more visual acuity
  • optic disk = where nerve and blood supply enter
    ⤷ has blind spot w/ no photoreceptors
23
Q

explain: ways to bring an image to focus (3)

A
  1. accomodation
    - ciliary musc. contract = more sphere = more refraction = more in focus
  2. pupil constriction
    - small pupil diameter = more in focus
  3. convergence
    - obj. moves closer -> eyes move medially to keep focusing on it
24
Q

explain: photoreceptors (types, charac.)

A
  1. rods
    - has rhodopsin pigment
    - non colour vision
    - low light vision
    - 120M
  2. cones
    - iodopsin
    - colour vision
    - high light vision
25
Q

match: wave quality to hearing charac.

A
  • volume = amplitude
  • pitch = freq.
26
Q

explain: diff. between endolymph and perilymph concentrations

A
  • endolymph = high K+ low Na+
  • perilymph = low K+ high Na+
27
Q

explain: inner and outer hair cells in cochlear duct

A
  • inner = detect sounds
  • outer = regulate tension of basilar membrane
28
Q

explain: inner hair cells

A
  • have bundles of microvilli at apex = stereocilia
  • tip-link = connects tip of each stereocilium to side of next longest stereocilium
  • moving the stereocilium -> opening gates causing depol.
29
Q

explain: process of depol. w/ inner hair cells

A
  • unstimulated = spring gate relaxed
  • stereocilia bend towards taller ones -> spring gate stretching
  • K+ opens -> K+ enters cells causing depol.
30
Q

explain: route of a wave through ear

A
  1. waves enter external auditory canal and strick tympanic mem. -> vibrations
  2. vibrations move to middle ear
  3. footplate of stapes vib. oval window
    ⤷ causes perilymph in scala vestibula to vib.
  4. vib of perilymph -> vib. of vestibular membrane -> vib. in endolymph -> displacement of basilar membrane -> mvt. of basilar membrane detected by hair cells
  5. vib. of perilymph in scala vestibuli and vib. of tympanic mem. = transferred to perilymph of scala tympani
  6. vib in perilymph of scala timpani = transferred to round window
31
Q

explain: neuronal pathways for hearing

A
  • hair cells depol. sends neurotransmitters to cochlear nerve
  • travels to cochlear nuclei
    ⤷ controls pitch perception
    ⤷ sends sig. to basilar mem. to dampen loud noises
  • goes to superior olivary nucleus (med. oblongata) and/or inferior colliculus (midbrain)
  • goes to medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus
  • goes to primary auditory cortex (conscious perception of sound)
32
Q

explain: static equil. (static labyrinth)

A
  • macula of utricle and saccule

STATIC LABYRINTH
- hair cells stim. by otoliths
- otoliths move in resp. to gravity -> changes pattern of action potential
⤷ otoliths moving causes tip-links to open
- subconcious perception = subtle changes to back + neck musc.
- restores head to neutral position
- otolithic mem. = gelatinous mem. to hold hairs in place

33
Q

explain: dynamic equil.

A
  • Semicircular Canals

DYNAMIC/KINETIC LABYRINTH
- cupula moves in opp. direction of head
- stim. stops when fluid in canals catches up w/ cupula
- mvt of head stopping but endolymph still moves
- accel = cupula in opp. direction
- decel = cupula in same direction

34
Q

explain: neural pathway of balance

A
  • vestibular nerve
  • vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata
    ⤷ goes to either cerebellum, thalamus, or motor nuclei
  • cerebellum = subtle adjustments
  • thalamus -> vestibular area of cortex
  • moto nuclei (controls eye muc.)

kinesiol 2y03 (18 decks)

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