Quiz 8 Study Guide Flashcards
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that begins with ___ ________
DNA, mutations
DNA mutations are the beginning stage of what?
carcinogenesis
What is carcinogenesis?
initiation of cancer formation
What is the term that means, “Causes no problem, in cancer, means a growth that is not malignant.”?
benign
Define benign
Causes no problem, in cancer, means a growth that is not malignant.
What is the term that means, “Invasive, has a tendency to grow and may spread to other parts of the body.”?
malignant
Define malignant
Invasive, has a tendency to grow and may spread to other parts of the body.
What is the term that means, “Lump in or on the body caused by the abnormal growth of cells. It can be either malignant or benign.”?
tumor
Define tumor
Lump in or on the body caused by the abnormal growth of cells. It can be either malignant or benign.
What is the term that means, “Something capable of causing cancer.”?
carcinogen
Define carcinogen
Something capable of causing cancer.
What is the term that means, “A change in one or several bases in DNA.”?
mutation
Define mutation
A change in one or several bases in DNA.
What is the term that means, “Proto-oncogenes that have mutated and have become cancer-causing genes that increase the rate at which cells divide and proliferate.”?
oncogene
Define oncogene
Proto-oncogenes that have mutated and have become cancer-causing genes that increase the rate at which cells divide and proliferate.
What is the term that means, “Posses the genetic code for the proteins that are needed for normal cell division and growth.”?
proto-oncogenes
Define proto-oncogenes
Posses the genetic code for the proteins that are needed for normal cell division and growth.
What is the term that means, “Genes involved in repairing damaged cell DNA, inactivating carcogenes, improving the ability of the immune system to destroy cancer cells, etc.”?
tumor suppressor genes
Define tumor suppressor genes
Genes involved in repairing damaged cell DNA, inactivating carcogenes, improving the ability of the immune system to destroy cancer cells, etc.
What is the term that means, “Greek word/root meaning “mass or tumor”?
onco
Define onco
Greek word/root meaning “mass or tumor”
True or false: Killer T cells belong to the adaptive branch of the immune system.
true
True or false: NK cells belong to the innate branch of the immune system.
true
True or false: NK cells belong to the adaptive branch of the immune system.
false, NK cells belong to the innate immune system
True or false: Killer T cells belong to the innate branch of the immune system.
false, killer T cells belong to the adaptive immune system
Please indicate if Natural Killer (NK) cells, Killer T cells, or both types of cells, use the following general method to protect the body from cancer:
Conduct “immune surveillance”. Wander the body searching for cells that are “non-self”.
Identity alteration to the identification receptors carried by cancerous cells to recognize them as not being “correct” or”self” cells.
Initiate the process of killing the non-self cells through producing chemical compounds/messengers that lead to apoptosis in the cancer cells.
both
[blank] are enzymes that are released by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
Granzymes
The online lectures discussed uncontrolled proliferation, loss of apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis as attributes of the cancer cell. Please define/describe each of these four cancer cell attributes in no more than four sentences total.
Uncontrolled proliferation is when cancer cells rapidly divide out of control. Loss of apoptosis is when cancer cells lack the “stop dividing” instruction, so they endlessly divide. Metastasis is when cancer cells travel from the original organ to different organs. Angiogenesis is when a cancer cell sprouts new blood vessels.
the main causes of cancer appear to be linked to interactions between _______ and the environment
genes
Define Stage 1 of cancer
no spread of cancer from original site of cancer
What stage is cancer in when it does not spread from the original site of cancer?
stage 1
What stage is cancer in when it has spread to neighboring tissues?
stage 2
Define stage 2 of cancer
The cancer has spread to neighboring tissues.
Define stage 3 of cancer
The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
What stage is cancer in when it has spread to nearby lymph nodes?
Stage 3
Define stage 4 of cancer
The cancer has spread to tissues and organs in other parts of the body.
What stage is cancer in when it has spread to tissues and organs in other parts of the body?
Stage 4
DNA is transcribed into ___, which is translated into _________
RNA, protein
Define translocation
A portion of DNA is moved from one part of a chromosome to another
Define hyperplasia
A cell mutation that causes it to lack the “stop dividing” instruction
Match the definition with the term: A cell mutation that causes it to lack the “stop dividing” instruction
hyperplasia
Define pap test
cervical cancer screening to detect hyperplasia before it becomes cancer
Match the definition with the term: cervical cancer screening to detect hyperplasia before it becomes cancer
Pap test
Define localized cancer
a mutation that leads to lack of specialization
Match the definition with the term: a mutation that leads to lack of specialization
localized cancer
Define mammogram
breast tissue screening to detect small tumors/cancer early
Match the definition with the term: breast tissue screening to detect small tumors/cancer early
Mammogram
