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CHS 200 > Quiz 8 Study Guide > Flashcards

Quiz 8 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that begins with ___ ________

A

DNA, mutations

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2
Q

DNA mutations are the beginning stage of what?

A

carcinogenesis

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3
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

initiation of cancer formation

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4
Q

What is the term that means, “Causes no problem, in cancer, means a growth that is not malignant.”?

A

benign

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5
Q

Define benign

A

Causes no problem, in cancer, means a growth that is not malignant.

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6
Q

What is the term that means, “Invasive, has a tendency to grow and may spread to other parts of the body.”?

A

malignant

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7
Q

Define malignant

A

Invasive, has a tendency to grow and may spread to other parts of the body.

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8
Q

What is the term that means, “Lump in or on the body caused by the abnormal growth of cells. It can be either malignant or benign.”?

A

tumor

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9
Q

Define tumor

A

Lump in or on the body caused by the abnormal growth of cells. It can be either malignant or benign.

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10
Q

What is the term that means, “Something capable of causing cancer.”?

A

carcinogen

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11
Q

Define carcinogen

A

Something capable of causing cancer.

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12
Q

What is the term that means, “A change in one or several bases in DNA.”?

A

mutation

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13
Q

Define mutation

A

A change in one or several bases in DNA.

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14
Q

What is the term that means, “Proto-oncogenes that have mutated and have become cancer-causing genes that increase the rate at which cells divide and proliferate.”?

A

oncogene

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15
Q

Define oncogene

A

Proto-oncogenes that have mutated and have become cancer-causing genes that increase the rate at which cells divide and proliferate.

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16
Q

What is the term that means, “Posses the genetic code for the proteins that are needed for normal cell division and growth.”?

A

proto-oncogenes

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17
Q

Define proto-oncogenes

A

Posses the genetic code for the proteins that are needed for normal cell division and growth.

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18
Q

What is the term that means, “Genes involved in repairing damaged cell DNA, inactivating carcogenes, improving the ability of the immune system to destroy cancer cells, etc.”?

A

tumor suppressor genes

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19
Q

Define tumor suppressor genes

A

Genes involved in repairing damaged cell DNA, inactivating carcogenes, improving the ability of the immune system to destroy cancer cells, etc.

20
Q

What is the term that means, “Greek word/root meaning “mass or tumor”?

A

onco

21
Q

Define onco

A

Greek word/root meaning “mass or tumor”

22
Q

True or false: Killer T cells belong to the adaptive branch of the immune system.

A

true

23
Q

True or false: NK cells belong to the innate branch of the immune system.

A

true

24
Q

True or false: NK cells belong to the adaptive branch of the immune system.

A

false, NK cells belong to the innate immune system

25
Q

True or false: Killer T cells belong to the innate branch of the immune system.

A

false, killer T cells belong to the adaptive immune system

26
Q

Please indicate if Natural Killer (NK) cells, Killer T cells, or both types of cells, use the following general method to protect the body from cancer:

Conduct “immune surveillance”. Wander the body searching for cells that are “non-self”.

Identity alteration to the identification receptors carried by cancerous cells to recognize them as not being “correct” or”self” cells.

Initiate the process of killing the non-self cells through producing chemical compounds/messengers that lead to apoptosis in the cancer cells.

A

both

27
Q

[blank] are enzymes that are released by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.

A

Granzymes

28
Q

The online lectures discussed uncontrolled proliferation, loss of apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis as attributes of the cancer cell. Please define/describe each of these four cancer cell attributes in no more than four sentences total.

A

Uncontrolled proliferation is when cancer cells rapidly divide out of control. Loss of apoptosis is when cancer cells lack the “stop dividing” instruction, so they endlessly divide. Metastasis is when cancer cells travel from the original organ to different organs. Angiogenesis is when a cancer cell sprouts new blood vessels.

29
Q

the main causes of cancer appear to be linked to interactions between _______ and the environment

A

genes

30
Q

Define Stage 1 of cancer

A

no spread of cancer from original site of cancer

31
Q

What stage is cancer in when it does not spread from the original site of cancer?

A

stage 1

32
Q

What stage is cancer in when it has spread to neighboring tissues?

A

stage 2

33
Q

Define stage 2 of cancer

A

The cancer has spread to neighboring tissues.

34
Q

Define stage 3 of cancer

A

The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

35
Q

What stage is cancer in when it has spread to nearby lymph nodes?

A

Stage 3

36
Q

Define stage 4 of cancer

A

The cancer has spread to tissues and organs in other parts of the body.

37
Q

What stage is cancer in when it has spread to tissues and organs in other parts of the body?

A

Stage 4

38
Q

DNA is transcribed into ___, which is translated into _________

A

RNA, protein

39
Q

Define translocation

A

A portion of DNA is moved from one part of a chromosome to another

40
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

A cell mutation that causes it to lack the “stop dividing” instruction

41
Q

Match the definition with the term: A cell mutation that causes it to lack the “stop dividing” instruction

A

hyperplasia

42
Q

Define pap test

A

cervical cancer screening to detect hyperplasia before it becomes cancer

43
Q

Match the definition with the term: cervical cancer screening to detect hyperplasia before it becomes cancer

A

Pap test

44
Q

Define localized cancer

A

a mutation that leads to lack of specialization

45
Q

Match the definition with the term: a mutation that leads to lack of specialization

A

localized cancer

46
Q

Define mammogram

A

breast tissue screening to detect small tumors/cancer early

47
Q

Match the definition with the term: breast tissue screening to detect small tumors/cancer early

A

Mammogram

CHS 200 (11 decks)

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