Quiz 5 Study Guide Flashcards
True or false: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the first most common cause of preventable birth defects and developmental disabilities in the United States
true
Define systematic review
summary of all research on a specific topic
meta-analysis
data from multiple studies re-analyzed to produce one pooled estimate
Match the definition with the term: a number showing how an exposure is related to an outcome/disease
measure of association
odds ratio
odds of disease given by exposure divided by odds of disease given no exposure
This relative risk (RR) of ADHD, 1.76, is interpreted as FAS patients are [_%] more likely to have ADHD compared to a non-FAS patient.
76%
Which Hills postulate does a 76% increased chance of ADHD pertain to?
Strength of association
Which Hills postulate for causality is represented by the fact that Jones, Ulleland, and Burd all published studies that suggests alcohol consumption causes FAS… Or similarly, by the fact that 38 studies have examined relationships between ACEs and diabetes and 36 found an association?
Consistency
Which two Hills postulates for causality are represented by the facts that:
(1) ONE of the ways in which we know alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes negative health outcomes for the baby is that alcohol impairs placenta-fetal blood flow resulting in hypoxia, and;
(2) As more alcohol is consumed by a mother, the level of hypoxia the fetus experiences increases.
Biological plausibility, dose response
A meta-analysis was used to calculate the pooled odds ratio for the association between exposure to four or more ACEs (relative to no ACE exposure) and developing type II diabetes in adulthood. Please interpret their results: OR= 1.15, 95% CI= 1.07-1.25
The odds of diabetes are 15% higher among those with 4+ ACE compared to those with none
true or false: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), just over 1 in 10 adults in the United States have diabetes. Therefore, your chance of getting diabetes is also 1 in 10.
The average prevalence of diabetes is 1 in 10 for the entire U.S. population, your own individual risk of diabetes may be higher or lower according to your lifestyle and genetics, among other factors.
true or false: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), just over 1 in 10 adults in the United States have diabetes. Therefore, 10% of adults in the United States have diabetes.
true
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 1 in 3 American adults have prediabetes but losing weight by eating healthy and being more active can cut the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes in half. Therefore…
Approximately 30% of American adults can reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes by 50% if they lose weight by eating healthy and being more active.
Where in the mother’s body does alcohol impact the baby?
placenta
Alcohol is a _____ when consumed by pregnant women because it is a substance capable of disrupting fetal growth.
teratogen
