Quiz 10 Study Guide Flashcards
Define heterotrophs
organisms that don’t make their own food and need to eat other organisms
define anabolism
a type of cellular metabolism in which new molecules are synthesized to generate energy
define catabolism
a type of cellular metabolism in which existing molecules are broken down to generate energy
True or false: Nutrients are classified as macro- and micro-nutrients. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are micronutrients while vitamins and minerals are macronutrients.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are MACronutrients while vitamins and minerals are MICronutrients.
Carbohydrates are broken down and converted into ________ by the digestive enzyme amylase found in the saliva and pancreas, which the cells utilize to produce energy.
glucose
Glucose is used by the mitochondria of cells to produce energy. Please briefly explain how the body maintains correct/healthy blood glucose levels. Use the words hormone, insulin, glucagon, pancreases, liver, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis in your answer for full credit.
The pancreas produces two key hormones—insulin and glucagon—that are secreted into the bloodstream. These hormones regulate blood glucose levels. The role of insulin is to transport glucose into the cells for energy production; insulin secretion is increased after consuming a meal. If a carbohydrate meal is not eaten and blood glucose levels are low, glucagon stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose—a process called glycogenolysis. A process called gluconeogenesis allows the liver to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
________ are essential for growth and repair. They play a crucial role in virtually all biological processes in the body. All enzymes and many of the hormones ______ and are vital for the body’s function
Proteins, proteins
All _________ are insoluble in water and usually are fatty acids. They are essential for: transportation of fat-soluble vitamins, synthesis of steroid hormones, cell and organelle membranes, etc.
lipids
_________ can be either fat-soluble or water-soluble, and are required in small quantities for growth and cellular function. They are mainly absorbed from the diet and altered by the body and have many uses including: immune system function, vision, growth of bone/teeth/muscle/more cells, etc.
vitamins
true or false: Vitamins are organic substances, which means they’re made by plants or animals. Minerals are inorganic elements that come from soil and water, and are absorbed by plants or eaten by animals.
true
true or false: Both hereditary and environmental factors are associated with obesity. Diet and exercise are recommended to maintain a healthy weight, but medication and surgery may also be useful options for some people/patients.
true
What are “the big two” in vitamin fortification today?
Folic acid and vitamin D
Because different countries rely on the same epidemiological evidence, different countries tend to have very similar policy positions on mandatory food fortification and fortified foods in general.
false
when did salt begin to be fortified with iodine
1920s
when did milk begin to be fortified with vitamin D
1930s
