Quiz 7 Study Guide

Question 1

true or false: Based on the tree of life, humans are more closely related to bacteria than fungi (mushrooms), but do not share a common ancestor with viruses.

Answer 1

false, humans are more closely related to fungi and viruses are not shown on the tree of life

Question 2

match the structure to the type of cell: capsid/nucleocapsid

Answer 2

virus

Question 3

match the structure to the type of cell: nucleus

Answer 3

eukaryotic cell

Question 4

match the structure to the type of cell: none/cell wall (free floats in cytoplasm)

Answer 4

bacteria cell

Question 5

What kind of virus became part of DNA in a host organism and accounts for 8-10% of the human genome?

Answer 5

retroviruses

Question 6

what is the role of viral RNA polymerase?

Answer 6

to make more virus RNA

Question 7

what is the genetic result of limitation of RNA polymerase?

Answer 7

mutations (because no proofreading of replication

Question 8

what is the public health implication of the RNA polymerase weakness?

Answer 8

need yearly booster shot

Question 9

antigenic drift is:

Answer 9

seasonal outbreaks: 1% change in amino acid sequence

Question 10

antigenic shift is:

Answer 10

pandemics: 20% change in amino acid sequence

Question 11

Viruses cause fever, headache, and muscle aches because they cause the innate immune system to produce what type of cells?

Answer 11

cytokines

Question 12

Please explain why antigenic drift is a good example of Darwinian evolution

Answer 12

Antigenic drift is an excellent example of Darwinian evolution because it demonstrates how specific random mutations in the genome—those with a selective advantage—emerge in a new viral strain.

Question 13

Describe what happened to the H1N1 influenza virus over time (hint: same thing happened to the myxoma virus over time? )

Answer 13

virus became more pathogenic, less virulent

Question 14

What antibiotic inhibits bacterial replication?

Answer 14

penicillin

Question 15

Ciprofloxacin prevents what?

Answer 15

bacterial DNA from replicating and unwinding

Question 16

What antibiotic prevents cell wall synthesis?

Answer 16

Vancomycin

Question 17

Erythromycin and fluoroquinolones inhibit what?

Answer 17

bacterial protein synthesis

Question 18

true or false: MRSA can easily be transferred from person to person by direct contact (e.g., bacteria on the hands) or by contact with contaminated inanimate objects (such as bed linen, medical instruments, and so forth).

Answer 18

true

Question 19

What factors contributed to the evolution of MRSA at the individual and social levels?

Answer 19

people not completing their antibiotics, physicians indiscriminate prescribing practices, use of antibiotics in animals

Question 20

The biggest concern for MRSA infection in the future is?

Answer 20

community spread

Question 21

true or false: vancomycin is a powerful antibiotic reserved for staphylococcal strains that are resistant to other antibiotics, and for use in treating highly virulent flu strains.

Answer 21

false

Question 22

true or false: For the most part N. meningitidis exists in a state of asymptomatic carriage in the human nasopharynx and it has been estimated that as many as 10% of persons are colonized by the organism. Why the meningococcus on rare occasions penetrates the mucosa and invades the blood is not completely understood.

Answer 22

true