Quiz 7 Study Guide Flashcards
true or false: Based on the tree of life, humans are more closely related to bacteria than fungi (mushrooms), but do not share a common ancestor with viruses.
false, humans are more closely related to fungi and viruses are not shown on the tree of life
match the structure to the type of cell: capsid/nucleocapsid
virus
match the structure to the type of cell: nucleus
eukaryotic cell
match the structure to the type of cell: none/cell wall (free floats in cytoplasm)
bacteria cell
What kind of virus became part of DNA in a host organism and accounts for 8-10% of the human genome?
retroviruses
what is the role of viral RNA polymerase?
to make more virus RNA
what is the genetic result of limitation of RNA polymerase?
mutations (because no proofreading of replication
what is the public health implication of the RNA polymerase weakness?
need yearly booster shot
antigenic drift is:
seasonal outbreaks: 1% change in amino acid sequence
antigenic shift is:
pandemics: 20% change in amino acid sequence
Viruses cause fever, headache, and muscle aches because they cause the innate immune system to produce what type of cells?
cytokines
Please explain why antigenic drift is a good example of Darwinian evolution
Antigenic drift is an excellent example of Darwinian evolution because it demonstrates how specific random mutations in the genome—those with a selective advantage—emerge in a new viral strain.
Describe what happened to the H1N1 influenza virus over time (hint: same thing happened to the myxoma virus over time? )
virus became more pathogenic, less virulent
What antibiotic inhibits bacterial replication?
penicillin
Ciprofloxacin prevents what?
bacterial DNA from replicating and unwinding
What antibiotic prevents cell wall synthesis?
Vancomycin
Erythromycin and fluoroquinolones inhibit what?
bacterial protein synthesis
true or false: MRSA can easily be transferred from person to person by direct contact (e.g., bacteria on the hands) or by contact with contaminated inanimate objects (such as bed linen, medical instruments, and so forth).
true
What factors contributed to the evolution of MRSA at the individual and social levels?
people not completing their antibiotics, physicians indiscriminate prescribing practices, use of antibiotics in animals
The biggest concern for MRSA infection in the future is?
community spread
true or false: vancomycin is a powerful antibiotic reserved for staphylococcal strains that are resistant to other antibiotics, and for use in treating highly virulent flu strains.
false
true or false: For the most part N. meningitidis exists in a state of asymptomatic carriage in the human nasopharynx and it has been estimated that as many as 10% of persons are colonized by the organism. Why the meningococcus on rare occasions penetrates the mucosa and invades the blood is not completely understood.
true
