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PNB 2774 > Quiz 8- ANS > Flashcards

Quiz 8- ANS Flashcards

1
Q

ANS is not ____ but ____

A

automatic
involuntary

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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

control at an unconscious level
reflexes are fast and specific
innervation of smooth muscle, not striated
cell bodies originate in the brainstem or cord

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3
Q

ANS control points

A

hypothalamus- water balance, temp control, hunger
pons- respiration and cardiovascular control
medulla- respiration and cardiovascular control

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4
Q

Divisions are distinguished by…

A

structural anatomy, neurotransmitters, and functionality
- parasympathetic
-sympathetic
-enteric

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5
Q

Division characteristics

A

all divisions control internal homeostasis by reflexes
almost all are negative feedback loops
limiting changes in physiological factors
all respond to external/internal stimuli

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6
Q

tracts are components of…

A

cranial and spinal cord nerves

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7
Q

SNS

A

solely excitatory
conscious
3 cells: motor cortex Betz cells- spinal cord interneurons- a-motor neurons
a-motor neurons are myelinated and use ACh as NT

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8
Q

ANS

A

excitatory or inhibitory
2 cells: cells arise within cord and project out to syapses on neurons either near cord or further away
ganglia= 2nd cell body outside of cord
pre- and post-ganglionic cells
post ganglionic cells innervate targets

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9
Q

Types of branches

A

sympathetic- built into cord
parasympathetic- built into brain stem and cord

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10
Q

characterization of branches

A

anatomical origin of pre-ganglionic cell body
anatomical location of synapses between pre- and post-ganglionic cell
NTs used at synapses
length of pre- and post-ganglionic cell axon

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11
Q

Origin of first cell consequences

A

varied influence from regions of cord and brain

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12
Q

ganglia position consequences

A

no real functional impact, anatomically important

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13
Q

axonal length consequences

A

no real functional impact, unless a slight change in speed of response

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14
Q

different NT consequence

A

enormous clinical impact

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15
Q

Signal of ANS

A

pre ganglionic neuron -(ACh/NT)- post ganglionic neuron-(NT)- target operator/effector

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16
Q

Signal termination

A

pre-ganglionic to ganglionic neuron
ganglia to target

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17
Q

pre ganglionic to ganglionic neuron termination

A

Acetylcholinerastes degradation of ACh
targets of nerve gases and insect sprays

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18
Q

ganglia to target termination

A

active reuptake, enzyme degradation
monoamine oxidase

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19
Q

Parasympathetic properties

A

energy conservation
bradycardia
hypotension
increase digestion and absorption
SLUD

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20
Q

SLUD

A

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation

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21
Q

sympathetic properties

A

flee or flight against danger
tachycardia
hypertension
salivation (shared)
perspiration

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22
Q

ANS is structured as a classic reflex arc…

A

response can occur without cortical influence
fast and innate

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23
Q

Sympathetic Branch

A

1st cell body is found in spinal cord lateral horn
pre-ganglionic cells project via spinal nerve ventral roots to sympathetic chain ganglia along either side of cord
some pre-ganglionic fibers innervate ganglia near target tissues
- splanchnic nerve and adrenal medulla

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24
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A

chain ganglia
collateral ganglia
adrenal medulla

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25
Q

chain ganglia

A

directly adjacent, both sides of cord, majority of fibers
targets: organs and glands of head heart and lungs

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26
Q

collateral ganglia

A

ganglia are in abdominal cavity
targets: GI tract, pancreas, liver, renal, colon

27
Q

adrenal medulla

A

modified chain ganglia
1st neuron passes through chain ganglia w/o synapsing
synpases directly on post ganglionic cells w/ adrenal medulla

28
Q

significance of adrenal medulla

A

meant to affect a large number of cells at the same time

29
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

(adrenal medulla)
stained with chromium dye
post ganglionic neurons w/o axons

30
Q

Parasympathetic branch

A

neurons arise either in the brain stem via cranial nerves III,VII,IX,X or from regions S2-S4 of the cord
pre ganglionic axonal fibers are long and terminate on post ganglionic cells near targets

31
Q

Tissue innervation

A

usually both branches innervate the same target tissue with almost always an opposite effect
maximizes fine level of control
(sometimes they compete with one another)

32
Q

in what case does only one branch innervate a target tissue

A

sweat and adrenal

33
Q

Neurochemistry

A

in cases where both branches innervate the same tissue NT released must be different

34
Q

Parasympathetic NT release

A

ACh

35
Q

Sympathetic NT release

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine

36
Q

Cholinergic pathways

A

ACh synapses are cholinergic
two subclasses: muscarinic or nicotinic- can be agonistic or antagonistic

37
Q

agonistic

A

chemicals that bind to a receptor and activate a biochemical process

38
Q

antagonistic

A

chemicals that bind to the same receptor and inhibit a biochemical process

39
Q

Nicotinic Receptors structure

A

assembly of 5 subunits
ligand-gated ion channel
found predominantly within CNS

40
Q

Nicotinic Receptor significance

A

all versions of the receptor bind ACh with different affinities
differential tissue expression
all have different agonists and antagonists

41
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

muscarine= mushroom chemical
receptors= GPCRs, different structure than nicotinic, different agonist and antagonist
expressed in NMJs, ganglia, CNS

42
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

differential binding of epinephrine VS norepinephrine
common clinically used agonists: phenylephrine, midodrine
theraputic uses: treatment of anaphalactic shock etc.

43
Q

Adrenergic subtypes

A

a-adrenergic
B-adrenergic

44
Q

types of a-adrenergic

A

a1- smooth muscle contraction
a2- inhibition of secretion

45
Q

types of B-adrenergic

A

B1- increased heart rate, heart contractility
B2- smooth muscle relaxation
B3- lipolysis (fat)

46
Q

norepinephrine stimulates

A

all a-adrenergic and B1

47
Q

epinephrine stimulates

A

a-adrenergic and B-adrenergic

48
Q

ANS reflexes

A

rapid focused pathways to detect perturbation in physiological pathways and drive them back toward normality

49
Q

ANS reflexes examples

A

baroreceptors
pupil dilation
visual accommodation
micturition
heart rate
blood vessel diameter

50
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Aortic arch sinus- narrowing of blood vessel wall
when sitting blood pools and rapid standing changes gravity
drop in BP sensed by baroreceptors
adrenergic influences drive blood vessel contraction+ increase heart contraction, drive BP to normal

51
Q

Pupil dilation

A

balance between contraction of dilator and sphincter
low light- pupil dilation via adrenic inputs
bright light- pupil constriction via muscarinic inputs

52
Q

lense accommodation

A

change in lense shape to focus objects as they near the eyes
far vision- pupil dilation
reflex is affected by age

53
Q

micturition reflex

A

as bladder fills, contraction of detrussor muscle, 2 sphincters (one involuntary, one voluntary)
after empty: inhibition of detrussor muscle and contraction of internal sphincter
above 500 mL=impossible to ignore- micturition

54
Q

Why is micturition an unusual ANS reflex?

A

conscious control of external sphincter

55
Q

Fight or Flight

A

response to physical, emotional, chemical and other types of potentially damaging stimuli
whole body response meant to minimize stress-mediated damage
response via sympathetic inputs

56
Q

Parasympathetic tone

A

bradycardia
hypotension
increased GI activity
pupil constriction
constriction of lung branches
hypoglycemia
increased urine production
not organized for mass discharge

57
Q

hypoglycemia

A

increased insulin release

58
Q

Body functional Balance

A

dual innervation= generally antagonistic

59
Q

pathophysiology

A

ANS deficit
baroreflex failure
hypoventilation
Holmes Adie Syndrome
Orthostatic hypertension

60
Q

baroreflex failure

A

severe hypertension and tachycardia in response to exercise

61
Q

hypoventilation

A

sleep buildup of CO2

62
Q

Holmes Adie syndrome

A

one eye doesn’t respond to light properly

63
Q

orthostatic hypertension

A

hypertension on quickly standing up

PNB 2774 (17 decks)

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