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PNB 2774 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

“to cut apart”- how do things work- structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

“study of nature”- what does it do- function

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3
Q

look at anatomy on many levels

A

level of detail
organism of focus
area of interest

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4
Q

what is the anatomical reference position?

A

body and feet facing forwards
palms out, facing forward

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5
Q

inferior/superior

A

lower/higher

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6
Q

anterior/posterior

A

front/back

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7
Q

ventral/dorsal

A

front/back

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8
Q

medial/lateral

A

toward midline/away from midline

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9
Q

proximal/distal

A

toward nearest attachment point/away from nearest attachment point

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10
Q

coronal plane

A

front vs back

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11
Q

transverse plane

A

top vs bottom

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12
Q

sagittal plane

A

left vs right

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13
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions despite change of outside condition
enables body to survive in diverse conditions

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14
Q

homeostatic control system

A

mechanisms that monitor internal environment and correct as needed

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15
Q

cellular level of homeostatic control

A

“local control”
isolated change

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16
Q

organ/whole organism level of homeostatic control

A

“reflex control”
long-distance signaling

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17
Q

Three major components for integration:

A

input
controller/integrating center
output

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18
Q

functions of integrator

A

maintains a set point within a normal range
look for error signals (changes) in input
responds to correct the error by controlling target effector (turns on/off)

19
Q

Response loop

A

stimulus: change in internal environment
sensor: receptor
input: afferent neuron
controller: integrating center
output: hormone/neuron
target effector: muscle/gland
response: change corrected

20
Q

set points can be modified- Example

A

fever
increases set point for core body temp
integrator= hypothalamus

21
Q

Glucose homeostasis- two hormones

A
  1. insulin-brings glucose into liver cells, lowers glucose in blood
  2. glucagon- removes glucose from liver cells, raises glucose in blood
22
Q

high blood sugar stimulates for…

A

insulin

23
Q

low blood sugar stimulates for…

A

glucagon

24
Q

what is the integrator of glucose homeostasis?

A

pancreas

25
Q

what is the output of glucose homeostasis?

A

insulin/glucagon

26
Q

feedback

A

some form of output is returned to the input in order to further regulate

27
Q

open loop

A

no control of output
ex. fire

28
Q

closed loop

A

control of output
ex. thermostat

29
Q

negative feedback

A

output of system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system
- shuts off input
- self terminating
- serves homeostatic role

30
Q

positive feedback

A

output of system acts to increase changes to the input of the system
- amplifies actions of the body
- not self-terminating (requires outside factors to shut off)
- not homeostatic

31
Q

transcellular

A

membrane transport- goes through membran

32
Q

paracellular

A

membrane transport- goes parallel to the membrane

33
Q

passive transport

A

materials move down gradient, no energy required

34
Q

active transport

A

materials move against gradient, requires energy

35
Q

Types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion
osmosis- diffusion of water
facilitated diffusion- “easier diffusion” (channels and transporters)
bulk filtration- move large groups in same direction

36
Q

Flux

A

the greater the concentration gradient the greater the flux
as temp increases flux increases
if diffusion coefficient is big, flux is big
friction goes up, flux goes down

37
Q

Types of transporters

A

channels
carriers
pumps

38
Q

channels

A

typically for ions
passive, classic facilitated diffusion

39
Q

carriers

A

“doorman” mechanism
could be passive or active

40
Q

pumps

A

move solute against the gradient
primary active transport

41
Q

uniport

A

1 thing in 1 direction

42
Q

symport

A

2 things in 1 direction

43
Q

antiport

A

2 things in different directions

PNB 2774 (17 decks)

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