Quiz 10- motor

Question 1

principle of human movement

Answer 1

movement is a conscious act
most movements are stereotypic and improved with practice
movements are dependent on feedback info supplied by muscles, joints, bones, and soft tissue

Question 2

descending motor tracts

Answer 2

motor tracts begin in either cortex or brainstem and travels out of cord through ventral root
striated muscle controlled voluntarily
smooth muscle controlled at unconscious level

Question 3

primary motor cortex

Answer 3

somatotopic arrangement of neurons
population vectors- motor neurons control direction of muscle movement by alteration of firing rates
Betz cells control movement

Question 4

premotor cortex

Answer 4

anterior to primary cortex
contains smaller and fewer pyramidal cells
mirror neurons
motor memory
contextual muscle movement

Question 5

mirror neurons

Answer 5

control of movement in response to visual/auditory cues
yawning

Question 6

contextual muscle movement

Answer 6

difference between moving your arm to wave compared to high fiving

Question 7

motor neurons

Answer 7

control skeletal muscle
a-motor neurons
y-motor neuron

Question 8

a-motor neurons

Answer 8

innervate extrafusal fibers
excitatory

Question 9

y-motor neurons

Answer 9

innervate intrafusal fibers
inhibitory

Question 10

motor initiation

Answer 10

striated muscle initiated in the cortex
movement is dependent on cerebellum- feedback from proprioception

Question 11

supplementary motor cortex

Answer 11

contains motor neurons controlling complex or sequential movement
bilateral muscle movement
calculation of needed strength, distance, and direction

Question 12

complex movements require help from…

Answer 12

supplementary motor cortex

Question 13

association cortex

Answer 13

modification of muscle movements initiated by primary and premotor cortexes

Question 14

Tourette syndrome

Answer 14

deficit in association cortex

Question 15

Brainstem

Answer 15

location of 1st motor neurons along with primary and premotor cortex

Question 16

basal nuclei

Answer 16

release excitatory glutamate to internal globus pallidus (IGP)
inhibits IGP, removing inhibition of thalamus, allowing movement

Question 17

cerebellum

Answer 17

modification and modulation of upper motor impulses
ensures muscle movements are precise and accurate

Question 18

Direct tracts

Answer 18

pyramidal
corticospinal tract
corticobulbar tract

Question 19

corticobulbar tract

Answer 19

via cranial nerves, innervation of jaw, face, pharynx, tongue
chewing, facial expressions, etc.

Question 20

corticospinal tract

Answer 20

via pons to medulla, fibers split and cross over

Question 21

indirect tracts

Answer 21

extrapyramidal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
tectospinal

Question 22

vestibulospinal tract

Answer 22

control of balance and posture
input from inner ear/cerebellum and eyes

Question 23

reticulospinal tract

Answer 23

control of axial and postural muscles associated with posture, locomotion, and muscle movement

Question 24

rubrospinal tract

Answer 24

innervation of flexion muscles, origin in red nucleus
voluntary muscle movement

Question 25

tectospinal tract

Answer 25

control of head position in response to visual stimuli
input from optic nerves

Question 26

golgi tendon organ

Answer 26

found within muscle tendon
stimulated by tension and sends sensory info to cerebellum