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PNB 2774 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Structure

A

cellularity
polarity
attachment
avascular
regeneration

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2
Q

cellularity

A

composed of cells in layers, connected by intercellular junctions
little ECM

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3
Q

polarity

A

apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces

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4
Q

attachment

A

to basal membrane- acellular surface produced by epithelia and connective cells
basal lamina- epithelial secretions
reticular lamina- connective secretions

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5
Q

avascular

A

no blood vessels

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6
Q

regeneration

A

cells readily divide mitotically and replace old cells

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7
Q

Epithelial function

A

physical protection
selective permeability (exchange and transport)
movement/clearing
secretion
sensation

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8
Q

Physical protection

A

from abrasion, dehydration, physical/chemical/biological agents
skin composed of five layers, cells held together by desmosomes

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9
Q

selective permeability

A

regulates passage of certain molecules in and out of body regions
exchange- passive flow
transport- active/facilitated flow

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10
Q

exchange epithelia

A

leaky exchange epithelia
allows movement through gaps between cells

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11
Q

transport epithelia

A

tight junctions prevent movement between adjacent cells
must pass through the epithelial cell (carriers and pumps involved)

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12
Q

clearing/movement

A

pushing material along the surface
cilia beat to move things out
microvilli increase surface area

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13
Q

sensory

A

receptors connected to nerve endings can detect light, chemical and mechanical stimuli and cold/heat

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14
Q

secretion

A

goblet cells
formation: epithelia folds in on itself, connecting cells then form a duct or connecting cells disappear for ductless

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15
Q

exocrine

A

duct
secrete to the exterior

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16
Q

endocrine

A

ductless
secrete to the body’s interior directly into blood stream or interstitial fluid

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17
Q

merocrine

A

secrete products by vesicular exocytosis
often continuous
ex. sweat and saliva

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18
Q

apocrine

A

secrete by partial cellular breakdown (fragmentation)
cytoplasm and vesicular contents
ex. milk and underarm sweat

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19
Q

holocrine

A

entire cell lost during secretion
stem cells divide to replace
ex. sebaceous glands

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20
Q

tight junctions

A

“gatekeeper”
prevent movement between adjacent cells
encircle cell near the apical surface- membrane protein is bound to plasma mem. of cell

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21
Q

adhering junctions

A

actin-filament based systems
encircle cell immediately adjacent to its neighbors, deep to tight juncts.
cadherins= cellular adhesion molecules

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22
Q

desmosomes

A

“snaps on a jacket”
tie cells together and do not encircle cell
allow bending and twisting and provide resistance to stress
supported by intermediate filaments

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23
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

tie cell to basal membrane

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24
Q

gap junctions

A

protein channels; allow rapid communication between cells
pore is made up of two hemi-channel connexon
connexons made up of a hexamer of connexin

25
Q

Classifying Epithelia

A

SHAPE
- squamous=flat
- cuboidal=square
-columnar=elongated
NUMBER OF LAYERS
- simple=one layer
- stratified=many layers

26
Q

Skeletal Structure

A

hard, elastic, tough connective tissue; internal endo-skeleton; scaffolding
articulated into many individual bones
protrusions have attachment sites
dense bone exterior, relatively open interior

27
Q

Skeletal Function

A

support and protection of body and internal organs
connections to muscles, tendons, and ligaments (dynamic movement)
calcium/phosphate homeostasis and storage
blood cell production (stem cells in marrow)

28
Q

Specialized cells of bone

A

osteoblasts= bone matrix deposition
osteocytes= bone matrix maintenance
osteoclasts= bone breakdown

29
Q

specific matrix proteins of bone

A

collagen
flexible and tough, and the most abundant

30
Q

ground substance of bone

A

hydroxyapatite

31
Q

Two types of bone

A

cortical (compact) bone
cancellous (spongy) bone

32
Q

Cortical bone

A

outside
dense “solid” outer layer
external layers of both long bone and flat bone

33
Q

Cancellous bone

A

inside + porous
open interior with lattice
made up of narrow plates of bone called trabeculae

34
Q

Osteon

A

“Haversion Canals”
functional unit of bone
cylinder of hollow tubes of bone matrix with a central canal carrying blood vessels and nerves

35
Q

epiphysis

A

knobby region at each end of bone
provides strength and an attachment site

36
Q

metaphysis

A

region between epiphysis and diaphysis
site of growth plate

37
Q

diaphysis

A

elongated, cylindrical shaft of the bone

38
Q

articular cartilage

A

located on epiphysis
prevents friction

39
Q

periosteum

A

membrane of tough, dense, irregular connective tissue covering the external bone surface

40
Q

endosteum

A

membrane of connective tissue covering the internal bone surface

41
Q

medullary cavity

A

yellow marrow
inside of bone

42
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

43
Q

What is stored in yellow marrow of the long bone?

A

fat

44
Q

what is stored in red marrow of flat bone?

A

red and white blood cells
platelets

45
Q

stress

A

force over area
pressure
load

46
Q

strain

A

deformation in height
measured as %

47
Q

Young’s modulus

A

slope
stress over strain

48
Q

apply _____ and measure ____

A

stress
strain

49
Q

stiff VS flexible

A

steep slope=stiff
shallow slope=flexibile

50
Q

high VS low toughness

A

large area under curve=tough

51
Q

brittle VS ductile

A

short plastic region=brittle
long plastic region=ductile

52
Q

strong VS weak

A

high yield point=strong
low yield point=weak

53
Q

hysteresis

A

historical dependence of behavior

54
Q

anisotropy

A

directional dependence of behavior
exhibits different properties based on direction of loading

55
Q

viscoelastic

A

materials show time-dependent strain
properties vary with speed and loading, appearing as different affects on stress rate in the curve

56
Q

with low rates of stress bone is…

A

tough

57
Q

with high rates of stress bone is…

A

strong

58
Q

fracture patters reflect….

A

anisotropy

PNB 2774 (17 decks)

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