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PNB 2774 > Quiz 10- hearing, taste, smell > Flashcards

Quiz 10- hearing, taste, smell Flashcards

1
Q

sound is a product of…

A

vibrational movements of air and water molecules

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2
Q

pressure waves are characterized by…

A

frequency and amplitude

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3
Q

pitch

A

perception of sound frequency

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4
Q

loudness

A

amplitude of sound waves

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5
Q

outer ear

A

pinna funnels sound into the auditory canal
tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves
secondary sensors

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6
Q

middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, Eustachian tube
vibrated by tympanic membrane

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7
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea, semicircular canals, hair cells, cochlear nerve
primary sensors

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8
Q

origin of corti

A

vestibule and semicircular canal- balance
cochlea- hearing

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9
Q

cochlea

A

scala media (cochlear duct)
scala vestibular- oval window to helicotrema
scala timpani- back to round window
basilar and vestibular membrane

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10
Q

auditory mechanics- step 1

A

sound waves collected by auditory meatus cause vibration of tympanic membrane

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11
Q

auditory mechanics- step 2

A

vibrational energy transmitted to malleus, then incus, then stapes
stapes pushes against oval window

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12
Q

auditory mechanics- step 3

A

vibration of oval window transfers energy to scala vestibule, which causes basilar membrane to vibrate

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13
Q

auditory mechanics- step 4

A

vibration of basilar membrane causes hair cells to bend, opening K+ channels at their base

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14
Q

auditory mechanics- step 5

A

K+ enters hair cell, depolarizing it
K+ leaves by basilar membrane

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15
Q

endolymph

A

fills scala media
has low Na+ and high k+
produced by perilymph

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16
Q

perilymph

A

plasma with high Na+ and low K+

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17
Q

tip links

A

stereocilia are linked by tip links
allow for mechanical stretch to open channels at stereocilia base
composed of cadherin-23 and protocadherin-15

18
Q

tympanic reflex

A

contraction of tensor tempani and stepedius muscles stiffens tympanic membrane and reduces transmission of sound

19
Q

cochlear hair cells

A

attached to tectorial membrane
depolarization- tip link tilted left- open ion channels
hyperpolarization-tip link tilted right- closed ion channels

20
Q

Hair cells

A

have no axonal projections
each stereocilia associated with 1 K+ channel

21
Q

cochlear frequency tuning

A

standing waves formed at specific frequencies because of localized composition of cochlea

22
Q

cochlear frequency coding

A

different sound energies focus energy in specific areas of cochlea- activation of these hair cells is interpreted as different frequencies

23
Q

intensity coding

A

loud sounds characterized by large AP firing rate and which hair cells fire within a given frequency area of cochlea

24
Q

superior olive

A

interaural intensity differences- lateral superior olive
interaural timing differences- sound reaches one ear before the other- medial superior olive

25
Q

otosclerosis

A

change in movement of middle ear bones

26
Q

Meniere’s disease

A

inner ear problem cause is unknown
age-related hearing loss and dizziness

27
Q

tinnitus

A

buzzing or hissing
caused by anemia, caffeine, drugs, tumors, injuries, hypertension

28
Q

oxotoxic medications

A

damages sensory cells used in hearing and balance
ex. aspirin

29
Q

vestibular system

A

detection of other types of energy- gravity, acceleration, etc.
stereocilia with no tiplink and Na+ mediated depolarization
static labyrinth and kinetic labyrinth

30
Q

static labyrinth role

A

position and acceleration

31
Q

kinetic labyrinth role

A

movement

32
Q

otoliths

A

calcium carbonate crystals, provide mass above stereocilia
changes sensitivity of hair cells

33
Q

vertigo

A

balance disorders causing dizziness
peripheral or central vertigo

34
Q

peripheral vertigo

A

sudden onset, intermittent, severe symptoms, dependent on head position, nausea and vomiting

35
Q

central vertigo

A

gradual onset, constant, mild symptoms, independent of head positions
disorders of motor balance

36
Q

olfaction

A

volatile external chemicals
chemoreceptor neurons express specific receptor proteins, within superior nasal cavity

37
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

about 10^7 bipolar chemoreceptors- replaced every 30 days
express GPCRs as stimulus detectors

38
Q

odorant genes

A

large gene family, primordial function
each olfactory neuron expresses 1 odorant gene of small amount
an odorant can activate more than one GPCR

39
Q

pheromones

A

species-specific volatile chemicals
sweat and urine
denotes social status and reproductive readiness (heat)

40
Q

gustation

A

taste
tongue papillae- 10^4 taste buds
less sensitive than olfaction
replaced every 10 days

41
Q

human sweet tooth

A

sweetness is desired by all humans and cultures

PNB 2774 (17 decks)

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