Quiz 5: Sidman (Ch 3)

Question 1

At the beginning of the 20th century, a German neuroanatomist named Korbinian Brodmann divided the cerebral cortex into 52 areas according to their histological differences. Some of these areas have distinct neurological functions and are routinely referred to clinically by their _____ number.

Answer 1

Brodmann’s

Question 2

On the diagram, draw an arrow to mark the position of the central sulcus. The part of the cerebrum located anterior to this sulcus is the _____ lobe. Within this lobe, there are several key Brodmann’s areas related to motor function. The gyrus located just anterior to the central sulcus is known as the pre _____ gyrus. Label it on the diagram. The posterior part of this gyrus contains the primary _____ area, or Brodmann’s area 4. This area generates neural impulses that control the execution of _____.

Answer 2

Central sulcus: arrow to upper right corner of Primary motor area
Precentral gyrus: Upper middle and middle of Primary motor area

frontal; precentral; motor; movement

Question 3

Every part of the body capable of movement is represented in the primary motor cortex, or Brodmann’s area _____. The neurons controlling movement of different body regions are mapped onto the pre _____ gyrus according to their relative anatomical positions in this frontal section. For example, the motor neurons controlling movement of the foot are next to those controlling the leg in area 4. This arrangement is known as a somatotopic map.

Answer 3

4; precentral

Question 4

All body regions in the _____ topic map in area 4 are not represented equally. The amount of _____ central gyrus controlling a particular body part represents the amount of control that the primary _____ cortex has over that body part.

Answer 4

somatotopic; precentral; motor

Question 5

The disproportionate map of the body on the motor cortex is called the motor homunculus. Look at the diagram of the homunculus. The hands and fingers appear _____ than the trunk or legs because their movements require finer control and more neurons.

Answer 5

larger

Question 6

Each area of the body is represented in a particular area of area 4 in a somatotopic map, or motor _____. Stimulating the most superior part of area 4 will result in movement of the _____ and _____, while stimulating the part of area 4 closest to the lateral sulcus will result in _____ through its activation of muscles of the pharynx and larynx.

Answer 6

homunculus; hip; trunk; swallowing

Question 7

The anterior part of the _____ gyrus and adjacent superior frontal gyrus makes up area 6 and is known as the _____, or secondary motor cortex. It stores motor activities responsible for programming the activity of area 4, or the _____ motor cortex. The premotor cortex also mediates sensory guidance of movement, controlling postural muscles of the body.

Answer 7

precentral; supplementary; primary

Question 8

On the diagram, label areas 4 and 6. Which of these areas would execute the voluntary action of picking up a pen? _____. Which would help you position your body so that you could pick up a ball? _____.

Answer 8

Area 6 on right, Area 4 on left

Area 4; Area 6

Question 9

Anterior to the primary and premotor cortex, you will find area ______, which contributes to the frontal eye field. This area controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes.

Answer 9

8

Question 10

Draw a line from the Brodmann’s area to it’s appropriate name.
Area 4
Area 6
Area 8

Answer 10

Area 4: Primary motor cortex
Area 6: Secondary motor cortex
Area 8: Frontal eye field

Question 11

Inferior to the frontal eye field, there is a cortical region dedicated to language production. Broca’s motor speech area is formed by Brodmann’s areas _____ and _____. On the diagram, label the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex.

Answer 11

44; 45

Area 6 on left (next to Area 8): Premotor cortex
Area 4 on right (next to Area 6): Primary motor cortex

Question 12

Areas _____ and _____ contain the motor programs necessary for formulating words, and they communicate with the primary motor cortex to control the muscles involved in speaking. A lesion of _____ motor speech area produces motor aphasia due to the difficulty in articulating words.

Answer 12

44; 45; Broca’s

Question 13

Broca’s motor speech area is located in the _____ lobe of the cortex.

Answer 13

frontal

Question 14

On the diagram, label the frontal eye field and Broca’s area. Anterior to these regions, identify the _____ cortex, which includes the Brodmann’s areas 9, 10, 11, and 12 (area 12 is best seen on a midsaggital section of the brain, so it is not visible here).

Answer 14

Frontal eye field: on top of area 9
Broca’s area: In the middle of areas 9, 10, 11
Prefrontal cortex: areas 9, 10, 11

prefrontal

Question 15

On this midsaggital section of the cortex, label the frontal and occipital poles. Shade in Brodmann’s areas 9,10,11, and 12, which contribute to the pre _____ cortex of the _____ lobe. This cortical region is concerned with personality, motivation, planning, and judgement.

Answer 15

Frontal pole: on left
Occipital pole: on right
Shade 9, 10, 11, and 12

prefrontal; frontal

Question 16

Frontal lobotomy involves removal of or damage to the pre _____ cortex and was once a common surgical procedure used to treat patients with severe behavioral problems.

Answer 16

prefrontal

Question 17

Match the following clinical presentations with the site of the lesions
_____ Right upper limb weakness
_____ Slow formulation of spoken words
_____ Right lower facial weakness
_____ Dramatic change in personality
_____ Lack of conjugate eye movement to the right

Answer 17

C; D; E; A; B

Question 18

The arrow marks the position of the _____ sulcus. The part of the cerebrum located just posterior to this landmark is the _____ lobe. Within this lobe, there are several key Brodmann’s areas involved in sensory function.

Answer 18

central; parietal

Question 19

The postcentral gyrus contains the _____ cortex, formed by the Brodmann’s areas _____, _____, and _____. The primary somatosensory cortex receives _____ ferent information regarding tactile discrimination and position sense.

Answer 19

somesthetic (or somatosensory); 3; 1; 2; afferent

Question 20

As in the primary motor cortex, the sensory fields from various parts of the body are arranged in a _____ topic map in the sensory hom _____ of the post _____ gyrus.

Answer 20

somatotopic; homunculus; postcentral

Question 21

Different parts of the body are not proportionately represented on the _____ central gyrus. Collectively, the upper limb and thorax take up as much area as the hand on the _____ homunculus. The skin of the hand requires additional neurons to mediate fine, or discriminative, touch.

Answer 21

postcentral; sensory

Question 22

The secondary somatosensory area, or Brodmann’s area _____, is part of the _____ lobe and is located posterior to the _____ gyrus. Area 40 forms the superior border of the _____ sulcus. The sensation of pain is thought to be perceived I’m this region of the cortex.

Answer 22

40; parietal; postcentral; lateral

Question 23

Label the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices on the diagram. Another important sensory area, the sensory association cortex, is located _____ to the primary sensory cortex and _____ to the secondary sensory area. The sensory association cortex in the _____ lobe is associated with Brodmann’s areas _____ and _____.

Answer 23

Primary somatosensory cortex: Under area 5 to the right (3, 1, 2)
Secondary somatosensory cortex: Under area 7 to the left (40)

posterior; superior; parietal; 5; 7

Question 24

Areas 5 and 7 of the _____ _____ cortex process tactile and visual cues. Lesions of the sensory association cortex may be associated with neglect syndrome, in which the patient does not recognize the opposite side of the body as their own.

Answer 24

sensory association

Question 25

The occipital lobe is critical for visual perception and processing. On the diagram, label the parieto-occipital sulcus and preoccipital notch. A line connecting these landmarks marks the _____ boundary of the occipital lobe.

Answer 25

Parieto-occipital sulcus: On right top
Preoccipital notch: On right bottom

anterior

Question 26

Within the occipital love, identify and label the horizontally oriented _____ sulcus. The primary _____ cortex, or Brodmann’s area 17, surrounds this fissure. Area 17 is responsible for the perception of _____.

Answer 26

Calcarine sulcus: Line in middle of area 17 on Left side
calcarine; visual; vision

Question 27

The _____ visual cortex is found in areas 18 and 19. Shade in the secondary visual cortex and label area 17 on the diagram. Areas 18 and 19 process information from the _____ _____ cortex and interpret this information so that the brain can make sense of the visual stimuli.

Answer 27

Secondary visual cortex: Shade in areas 18 and 19
Area 17: In middle of areas 18 and 19 (primary visual cortex)

secondary; primary visual

Question 28

Visual agnostic is the failure to understand the meaning or use of an object. On the diagram, mark the cortical regions that are lesioned in this condition with an “X.”

Answer 28

X on right top
X on right bottom

Question 29

On the diagram, label the lateral sulcus. The _____ lobe is located inferior to the lateral sulcus. This region of the cerebrum processes auditory stimuli as well as emotions, memory, and speech.

Answer 29

Lateral sulcus: middle line of brain
temporal

Question 30

The arrows indicate the _____ _____ gyrus. On the medial surface of this gyrus, Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 represent the primary auditory cortex.

Answer 30

superior temporal

Question 31

The primary auditory cortex is buried in the _____ sulcus. An alternative term for this cortical area is the transverse _____ of Heschl.

Answer 31

lateral; gyrus

Question 32

Area 22 is outlined on the diagram. It contains both the _____ association cortex, which is critical for sound interpretation, as well as _____’s area, which represents the sensory speech area responsible for interpretation of both written and spoken language.

Answer 32

auditory; Wernicke’s

Question 33

A lesion of Wernick’s area results in _____ aphasia, where the formulation of words is normal but the use of words is inappropriate. This is in contrast to a lesion in Broca’s area, which produces a motor _____.

Answer 33

sensory; aphasia