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NEUR 2600 - Introduction to Neuroanatomy > Quiz 4: Lecture: Basal Nuclei- Motor Circuitry > Flashcards

Quiz 4: Lecture: Basal Nuclei- Motor Circuitry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basal nuclei also called?

A

Cerebral nuclei

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2
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

Masses of gray matter; embedded in white matter of cerebrum

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3
Q

What does the basal nuclei do?

A

Direct subconscious activities

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4
Q

The basal ganglia are the principal component of a family of subcortical circuits linking the _____ with the _____ _____.

A

thalamus; cerebral cortex

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5
Q

The 4 functions of the basal nuclei are:

A

▪ The initiation of voluntary movement
▪ The coordination of learned movement patterns (walking, lifting)
▪ The subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone
▪ Participation in cognitive functions, mood, non-motor behavior

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6
Q

The main 5 subdivisions of the basal ganglia are:

A
  1. Caudate
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus (with two functionally distinct parts:
    external and internal pallidal segment)
  4. Substantia nigra
  5. Subthalamic nucleus
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7
Q

What are the two functionally distinct parts of the globus pallidus called?

A

external (GPE) and internal (GPI) pallidal segment

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8
Q

Which two parts are collectively called the striatum?

A

Caudate (-nucleus; head) and Putamen

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9
Q

What is the caudate involved in?

A

Non-hippocampul memory

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10
Q

What are the two components of Substantia nigra?

A

Pars compacta and Pars reticulara

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11
Q

What is the Substantia nigra pars compacta?

A

Melanin made in synthesis of dopamine

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12
Q

What is the Substantia nigra pars reticulara?

A

GABAminergic neurons

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13
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia (5 parts)?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus palladus (GPe, GPi), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and substantia nigra (SN)

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14
Q

What is the thin membrane located at the midline of the brain between the two cerebral hemispheres, or halves of the brain called?

A

Septum pellucidum

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15
Q

Lateral view of the basal ganglia

A

Top left: Head of caudate nucleus
Bottom left: Amygdaloid body
Top right: Lentiform nucleus
Bottom right: Tail of caudate nucleus and thalamus

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16
Q

What two parts make up the Lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen, globus pallidus

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17
Q

What is the dural fold in the middle called?

A

Falx cerebri

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18
Q

What means “sickle” in Latin?

A

Falx

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19
Q

Where is the superior saggital sinus and inferior saggital sinus located?

A

The superior saggital sinus is above the Falx cerebri and inferior saggital sinus is more inner.

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20
Q

The internal capsule sends which information up and which information down?

A

Sensory info up, Motor info down

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21
Q

What is in the space between the thalamus?

A

Third ventricle

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22
Q

What is the major input nucleus to the basal ganglia?

A

Striatum

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23
Q

The striatum is composed of:

A

• Caudate nucleus
• Putamen
• Ventral striatum (including Nucleus accumbens)

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24
Q

What are the structures of the basal nuclei?

A

▪ Caudate nucleus (Curving, slender tail)
▪ Lentiform nucleus (Globus pallidus, Putamen)

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25
Q

How is the tail of the caudate nucleus located?

A

Laterally to avoid running into the thalamus

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26
Q

The C-shaped _____ _____ is located _____ and forms part of the wall of the _____ _____.

A

Caudate nucleus; medially; lateral ventricle

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27
Q

The head of the caudate nucleus is located _____ the _____ _____ _____ and it is separated from the _____ by the _____ limb of the _____ _____.

A

above; anterior; Substantia perforata
Putamen; anterior; internal capsule

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28
Q

The Putamen lies _____ to the _____ _____ and _____ to the _____.

A

laterally; Caudate nucleus; medially; Insula

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29
Q

Left basal ganglia dorsal view:

A

Left to right: Body of caudate nucleus, Head of caudate nucleus, Tail of caudate nucleus, Putamen, Internal capsule

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30
Q

The Pallidum (Globus pallidus) consists of two functionally distinct subdivisions:

A

the external (GPe) and internal (GPi) pallidal segment

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31
Q

The GP has a _____ _____ onto the _____ to _____ it.

A

resting discharge; thalamus; inhibit

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32
Q

The _____ _____ _____ represents one of the _____ _____ _____ of the basal ganglia.

A

internal pallidal segment (GPi); major output nuclei

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33
Q

Both GPE and GPi are:

A

inhibitory

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34
Q

What are the parts of the basal ganglia (5 parts)?

A

Head of caudate nucleus, body of caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus, Tail of caudate nucleus

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35
Q

The _____ _____ is located between the _____ (cranially) and the _____ part of the _____ _____(caudally)

A

Subthalamic nucleus (STN); thalamus; anterior; Substantia nigra

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36
Q

The _____ is the only component of the basal ganglia sending _____ _____.

A

STN; excitatory output

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37
Q

How is the STN located?

A

Posteriorly

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38
Q

Where is the Substantia nigra (SN) located?

A

in the rostral midbrain

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39
Q

SN has two histologically and functionally distinct components:

A

Pars compacta, Pars reticularis

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40
Q

Pars compacta (dorsally) - contains what?
• Pars reticularis (ventrally) - contains what?

A

Pars compacta: contains dopaminergic neurons

• Pars reticularis: contains GABA-ergic neurons

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41
Q

Superior colliculus function:

A

Visual movement

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42
Q

Hyperdirect pathway contains what?

A

Myelinated fibers

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43
Q

Direct pathway function:

A

directs;facilitates movement

44
Q

Indirect pathway function:

A

Inhibits movements

45
Q

What happens when the direct and indirect pathway work together?

A

They facilitate some cortical areas while inhibiting others.

46
Q

Direct pathway

A

Cortex [excitatory]> CPu (SNc [excitatory] to CPu) [inhibitory]> GPe [inhibitory]> GPi [thin inhibitory]> Thalamus [excitatory]> Cortex [excitatory]> Cortical output

47
Q

Indirect pathway

A

Cortex [excitatory]> CPu (SNc [inhibitory] to CPu) [inhibitory]> GPe [inhibitory]> STN [excitatory] to > GPi and SNr [both inhibitory] > Thalamus [thin excitatory] > Cortex [thin excitatory] cortical output

48
Q

CPu stands for

A

Striatum (caudate and Putamen)

49
Q

D1R is a

A

receptor

50
Q

Direct pathway has unmileanated meaning

A

slow

51
Q

What does inhibit GPi mean?

A

basal inhibition of the thalamus

52
Q

What parts are used in respiration?

A

Pons and medulla

53
Q

Disinhibit would

A

increase

54
Q

Making movement leads to:

A

disinhibition of the thalamus

55
Q

Indirect pathway is

A

Center surround (facilitate movement in one and inhibit other areas)

56
Q

Huntingtons disease is from

A

Indirect pathway

57
Q

SNc is

A

GABA-ergic

58
Q

In indirect pathway,

A

disinhibition of GPe would mean more inhibition of STN so less output (less excitation, less output)

59
Q

Indirect pathway would

A

increase output so undesired movements

60
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Degeneration of Substantia nigra so D1R (Direct pathway)

61
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

Striatum (D2 receptors so Indirect pathway)

62
Q

Tardive dyskinesia results in:

A

Involuntary and repetitive movements

63
Q

Tardive dyskinesia medication:

A

Dopamine receptor blocking medications lead to receptor supersensitivity

64
Q

Tardive dyskinesia is

A

Rare (less than 200k per year)

65
Q

Tardive dyskinesia (treatment and diagnosis)

A

May lead to punding
Treatable
Differential disgnoses : HD, CP, Tourette’s, dystonia

66
Q

Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological disorder that results in

A

Involuntary and repetitive movements

67
Q

Cocaine acts in the striatum

A

For both cocaine and meth, the uptake into the striatum paralleled the subjective effects reported. Cocaine primarily bound in the striatum. Meth also extended to many other areas and had a longer duration.

68
Q

Cocaine acts on the striatum can be seen through

A

PET scans (radioactive sugar added)
(Entire brain is always metabolically active)

69
Q

Increased D2R following abstinence

A

D2R availability increases with abstinence suggesting adaptation rather than cell death. Behavior did not parallel D2R recovery.

70
Q

Looking at meth users’ recovery with abstinence

A

Looking at D2 receptor; have to increase dosage (effective dose/lethal dose)
Will crash if cut cold-turkey

71
Q

D2R binding as a biomarker for addiction

A

Successful responders to treatment were found to have higher D2 levels than those who had relapsed.

72
Q

Low D2R associated with high impulsivity

A

D2R correlates with trait impulsivity. Lower D2R = most impulsive.

(Problem: Did drug use cause a decrease in D2R or did low D2R/high impulsivity make them more likely to use drugs?)

73
Q

Genetic variation may affect smoking cessation

A

Individuals with one genotype (left) released more dopamine during the smoke break than those with another genotype (right). Suggests genetics makes smoking more rewarding for some than others.

74
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the basal nuclei?
• Caudate nucleus
• Globus pallidus
• Putamen
• Hippocampus
• Amygdaloid body

A

Hippocampus and Amygdaloid body (limbic system)

75
Q

The cerebrum

A

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

76
Q

What separates the motor and sensory areas?

A

Central sulcus

77
Q

Motor areas (3):

A

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe, Primary motor cortex, Pyramidal cells

78
Q

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe function

A

Directs voluntary movements

79
Q

Primary motor cortex:
– is the surface of

A

Precentral gyrus

80
Q

Pyramidal cells:
– are

A

neurons of primary motor cortex

81
Q

Primary motor cortex location

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

82
Q

primary motor cortex posterior limit:

A

central sulcus, which separates the precentral gyrus from the postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)

83
Q

Primary motor cortex anterior limit:

A

Precentral gyrus

84
Q

Primary motor cortex inferior limit:

A

lateral sulcus (Sylvius)

85
Q

The primary motor cortex is contiguous with:

A

paracentral lobule on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere

86
Q

The cerebrum lateral view:

A

Left to right: Precentral gyrus, Frontal lobe (left cerebral hemisphere), Lateral sulcus, Branches of middle cerebral artery, Temporal lobe, Pons, Medulla oblongata
Central sulcus, Postcentral gyrus, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Cerebellum

87
Q

Components of the Primary Motor Cortex

A

Paracentral lobule, Central sulcus, Precentral gyrus

88
Q

There is a precise somatotopic representation of the different body parts in the primary motor cortex:

A

foot and leg areas located close to the midline; head and face areas located laterally on the convexity of the cerebral hemisphere (motor homunculus)

89
Q

The size of the cortical representation for a specific body part is proportional to

A

the complexity of the movements performed by that particular body part
(ex: surface of hand area is significantly larger than foot area)

90
Q

Primary motor cortex:
Leg area
Face Area; Hand Area

A

Leg area: Paracentral lobule
Face area: central sulcus (?)/ Precentral gyrus
Hand area: Precentral gyrus

91
Q

The motor system is organized _____:

A

hierarchically

spinal cord, brainstem and forebrain contain successively more complex motor circuits

92
Q

The primary motor cortex controls:

A

voluntary movement; projects to the brainstem and spinal cord motor neurons (lower motor neurons) via the corticobulbar and corticospinal tract respectively

93
Q

The activity of the motor cortex and brainstem is influenced by which two parts?

A

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

94
Q

Eye movements (subdivisions of the frontal lobes)

A

Top to left: Motor, Premotor, Frontal eye fields, Dorsolateral; Broca’s area; Orbital

95
Q

The components of the corticospinal tract:

A

Corticospinal tract, Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex), Internal capsule

96
Q

The corticospinal tract (CST) is:

A

a massive collection of axons originating in the giant pyramidal cells (Betz), in the layer V of the primary motor cortex

97
Q

The axons of the CST converge in the

A

posterior limb of the internal capsule

98
Q

At the level of the midbrain, the CST occupies

A

the ventral aspect of the cerebral peduncle; the fibers continue their descent through the ventral pons and ventral medulla oblongata

99
Q

What forms the corticobulbar tract?

A

The axons that synapse with motor neurons in the (mostly) contralateral cranial nerve nuclei (III, IV, VII, IX, X, XI, XII)

100
Q

At the level of the lower medulla oblongata, most (ca. 80%) of the corticospinal axons cross over to the contralateral side (pyramidal decussation), and then continue their descent through the brainstem and spinal cord as the

A

lateral corticospinal tract

101
Q

The CST axons that do not cross at the medulla level continue their travel down the

A

spinal cord as the ventral corticospinal tract; most of these fibers cross over to the contralateral side shortly before reaching their target, the lower motor neurons, located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

102
Q

Motor system diagrams

A

1- top to bottom: motor cortex, cerebral peduncle, corticospinal tract, pyramids, lateral c.s. tract, anterior c.s. tract

2- left to right: postcentral gyrus, central sulcus, precentral gyrus

103
Q

Motor systems diagrams 2

A

1- top to bottom: cortex (internal capsule, corticospinal tract), midbrain (cerebral peduncle), middle pons (collaterals to reticular formation, pyramid), caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation, spinal cord)
[Lateral corticospinal tract, alpha motor neuron)

2- top to bottom: Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Direction of message, Axon terminals synapse with dendrites on target cell, Axon

104
Q

What are the 2 sensory areas of the Motor System?

A

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe, primary sensory cortex

105
Q

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe function

A

receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature)

106
Q

Location of Primary sensory cortex:

A

surface of postcentral gyrus

107
Q

Somatisensory function (Somatosensory Tracts)

A

top to bottom: Primary somatosensory cortex, Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus, Medial lemniscus, Midbrain (bold), Nuclei of the dorsal columns, Medulla (bold), Spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature), Dorsal columns (precise touch, kinesthesia), Dorsal root ganglion, Spinal cord (bold)

NEUR 2600 - Introduction to Neuroanatomy (26 decks)

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