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NEUR 2600 - Introduction to Neuroanatomy > Quiz 5: Lecture: Cerebrum > Flashcards

Quiz 5: Lecture: Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum (Cortex)

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2
Q

What controls thoughts and intellectual functions & processes somatic sensory and motor information?

A

Cerebrum (cortex)

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3
Q

What is the cerebrum (cortex) divided into?

A

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What is more elaborate in humans than in other vertebrates?

A

Cerebrum (cortex)
Mice have smooth/not as much cortical tissue

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5
Q

Parts of cerebrum:

A

Gyrus, Sulcus, Cerebral cortex, Cerebral white matter, Fissure

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6
Q

What is the Cerebrum also called?

A

Cerebral cortex

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7
Q

What does the folded surface of the cerebrum do?

A

Increases surface area

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8
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated ridges

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9
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow depressions

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10
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves

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11
Q

What is a deep sulcus called?

A

Fissure

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12
Q

What are some examples of fissures?

A

Longitudinal fissure, Sylvian fissure

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13
Q

How long is the cerebrum?

A

2 1/2 feet (consistent amount)

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14
Q

Gray matter location

A

In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

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15
Q

White matter location

A

Deep to basal cortex, Around basal nuclei

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16
Q

What comprises gray matter?

A

cell bodies and dendrites (subcortical)

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17
Q

What comprises white matter?

A

axon (which part of neuron)

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18
Q

Which part makes myelin?

A

Aligodendricytes

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19
Q

What makes gray matter gray?

A

Nissil (ribosomes)

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20
Q

Top to bottom of brain

A

Corona radiata, gyrus; lateral ventricle, septum pellucidum; thalamus, 3rd ventricle; caudate, putamen; temporal lobe; substantia nigra (pars compacta), peduncle; Pons, medulla

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21
Q

What are the 4 structures of the cerebrum?

A

Gyri of neural cortex, Insula (island) of neural cortex, Longitudinal fissure, Lobes

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22
Q

Gyri of neural cortex function

A

Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons)

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23
Q

Insula (island) of cortex location

A

Lies medial to lateral sulcus

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24
Q

Where does the Insula (island) of cortex receive information from?

A

limbic system, thalamus, basal ganglia

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25
Q

Longitudinal fissure function

A

Separates cerebral hemispheres

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26
Q

Lobes function

A

Divisions of hemispheres named after overlying skull bones

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27
Q

The cerebrum parts on picture

A

Frontal lobe: Top left
Central sulcus: Top middle
Gyri of insula: Middle
Temporal lobe (pulled down): Bottom left

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28
Q

3 structures of the Cerebrum

A

Central sulcus, Lateral sulcus, Parieto-occipital sulcus

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29
Q

Central sulcus divides:

A

Anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe

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30
Q

Lateral sulcus divides:

A

Frontal and Parietal lobe from temporal lobe

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31
Q

Parietal-occipital sulcus divides:

A

Parietal lobe from occipital lobe

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32
Q

Three functional principles of the cerebrum:

A
  • Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and send motor commands to, the opposite side of the body (contralateral)
  • The 2 hemispheres have different functions, although their structures are alike
  • Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not precise
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33
Q

Lateral view (front to back):

A

Frontal lobe, Lateral sulcus, Precentral gyrus, Central gyrus, Postcentral gyrus, Parietal lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe (bottom middle), Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla oblongata

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34
Q

What is one main function of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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35
Q

What is the posterior border for the frontal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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36
Q

What is the anterior lobe for the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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37
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

Involved in constant perception of touch, pain, posture, vibration, etc.

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38
Q

What is below the Sylvian fissure?

A

Temporal lobe

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39
Q

Types of gyrus

A

Superior, middle, and inferior

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40
Q

What other functions are in the temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus (involved in learning and memory), Amygdala

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41
Q

Midsaggital section of brain (front and back):

A

Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe, Cingulate gyrus, Precentral gyrus, Central sulcus, Postcentral gyrus, Parietal lobe, Parieto-occipital sulcus, Occipital lobe, Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla oblongota

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42
Q

White matter of the cerebrum are made of (3):

A

Association fibers, Commissural fibers, and Projection fibers

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43
Q

Association fibers (white matter of the cerebrum)
Connections within one hemisphere consist of:

A

Arcuate fibers and Longitudinal fasciculi

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44
Q

Arcuate fibers function

A

Short fibers; Connect one gyrus to another

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45
Q

Longitudinal fasciculus function

A

Longer bundles; Connect frontal lobe to other lobes in same hemisphere

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46
Q

Commiseral fibers (white matter of the cerebrum):

A

Bands of fibers connecting two hemispheres; Corpus callosum (about 200 million axons), Anterior commissure (about 50k axons)

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47
Q

What structure makes up the wall of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Caudate

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48
Q

What theory did Roger Sperry disprove?

A

Blank slate theory (Any neuron can do another neuron’s job- didn’t”t know about localization)

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49
Q

What did Roger Sperry discover about the brain?

A

He found that the human brain has specialized functions on the right and left, and that the two sides can operate practically independently.

50
Q

Projection fibers (white matter of the cerebrum):

A

pass through the diencephalon; Link cerebral cortex with diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and internal capsule

51
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

all ascending and descending projection fibers

52
Q

Anterior view of the Cerebrum:

A

Upper middle: Longitudinal fissure
To the side: Projection fibers of internal capsule
Middle middle: Corpus callosum
Lower middle: Anterior commissure

53
Q

What separates the motor and sensory areas of the Cortex?

A

Central sulcus

54
Q

Motor areas comprise these 3:

A

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe; Primary motor cortex; Pyramidal cells

55
Q

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe function

A

Directs voluntary movement

56
Q

Primary motor cortex is the surface of:

A

Precentral gyrus

57
Q

Pyramidal cells are neurons of:

A

Primary motor cortex

58
Q

Sensory areas of the Cortex are made up of (2):

A

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe, Primary sensory cortex

59
Q

Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe function:

A

receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, and temperature)

60
Q

Primary sensory cortex is the surface of:

A

Postcentral gyrus

61
Q

The 4 special sensory cortexes are:

A

Visual cortex, Auditory cortex, Olfactory cortex, Gustatory cortex

62
Q

Visual cortex location and function

A

Occipital lobe; Information from sight receptors

63
Q

Auditory cortex location and function

A

Temporal lobe; Informaton from sound receptors

64
Q

Olfactory cortex location and function

A

Temporal lobe; Information from odor receptors

65
Q

Gustatory cortex location and function

A

Moves- parietal, inferior, lateral (google says frontal and insular lobes)
Information from taste receptors

66
Q

The Cerebrum: Association areas

A

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses

67
Q

Sensory association areas function

A

Monitor and interpret arriving information at sensory areas of cortex

68
Q

Somatic motor association area (premotor cortex) function

A

Coordinates motor responses (learned movements)

69
Q

What are the 3 sensory sssociation areas?

A

Somatic sensory association area, Visual association area, Auditory association area

70
Q

Somatic sensory association area function

A

Interprets input to primary sensory cortex (e.g., recognizes and responds to touch)

71
Q

Visual association area function

A

Interprets activity in visual cortex

72
Q

Auditory association area function

A

Monitors auditory cortex

73
Q

Integrative Centers are located:

A

in lobes and cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

Integrative centers function

A

Receive information from association areas; Direct complex motor and analytical activities
(Help put everything together)

75
Q

General interpretive Area is also called

A

Wernicke’s area

76
Q

General interpretive area is present in:

A

Only one hemisphere

77
Q

General interpretive area function

A

Receives information from all sensory association area; Coordinates access to complete visual and auditory memories

78
Q

Other integrative areas of the cerebrum include (2):

A

Speech center, Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe, Brodmann areas

79
Q

What is the speech center associated with? What is its function?

A

Associated with general interpretive area; Coordinates all vocalization functions

80
Q

Prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe function:

A

Integrates information from sensory association areas, Performs abstract intellectual activities (ex: predicting consequences of events or actions)

81
Q

The left hemisphere generally contains the:

A

General interpretive area and the Speech center

82
Q

The prefrontal cortex of each hemisphere is involved with:

A

Conscious intellectual functions

83
Q

What are Brodmann areas?

A

Patterns of cellular organization in cerebral cortex

84
Q

Hemispheric Lateralization

A

Functional differences between left and right hemispheres; Each cerebral hemisphere performs certain functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere

85
Q

Which hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere?

A

Left hemisphere

86
Q

In most people, left brain (dominant) controls:

A

Reading, writing, and math; Decision making; Speech and language

87
Q

Right central hemisphere relates to:

A

Senses (touch, smell, sight, taste, feel); Recognition (faces, voice inflections)

88
Q

Left cerebral hemisphere parts (front to back):

A

Prefrontal cortex, Speech center, Writing, Auditory cortex, General interpretive center (language and mathematical calculation), Visual cortex (right visual field)

89
Q

Right cerebral hemisphere parts (front to back):

A

Prefrontal cortex, Anterior commissure, Analysis by touch, Auditory cortex, Spatial visualization and analysis, Visual cortex (left visual field)

90
Q

Brain activity is assessed by:

A

An electroencephalogram (EEG)

91
Q

How are EEGs used to monitor brain activity?

A

Electrodes are placed on the skull, Patterns of electrical activity (brain waves) are printed out

92
Q

What are the 4 categories of brain waves?

A

Alpha waves, Beta waves, Theta waves, Delta waves

93
Q

Alpha waves:

A

Found in healthy, awake adults at rest with eyes closed

94
Q

Beta waves

A

Higher frequency; Found in adults concentrating or mentally stressed

95
Q

Theta waves

A

Found in children; Found in intensely frustrated adults; May indicate brain disorder in adults

96
Q

Delta waves

A

During sleep; Found in awake adults with brain damage

97
Q

The Cerebrum Synchronization

A

A pacemaker mechanism (Synchronizes electrical activity between hemispheres); Brain damage can cause desynchronization

98
Q

The Cerebrum Seizure

A

Is a temporary cerebral disorder; Changes the electroencephalogram; Symptoms depend on regions affected

99
Q

The neural cortex is found on the surface of the ____.

A

Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

100
Q

Axons of mitral cells of the olfactory bulb project to the:

A

olfactory cortex

101
Q

Olfaction (bottom to top):

A

Mucous membrane of nasal cavity, Olfactory receptors, Cribiform plate of ethmoid, Mitral cells, Olfactory bulb, To olfactory cortex

102
Q

Where do the striate arteries enter the brain?

A

Anterior perforated substance

103
Q

Ventral view of brain for olfaction (front to back; left then right)

A

Frontal lobe, Olfactory bulb (with cut ends of olfactory nerves), Olfactory tract, Anterior commissure, Temporal lobe, Note location of Uncus relative to brain stem, Cut surface of brainstem

Orbitofrontal cortex, Anterior perforated substance, Rhinal sulcus, Uncinate gyrus (Uncus), Parahippocampal gyrus, Cut surface of brainstem

104
Q

Components of the Visual System:

A

Retina, Optic nerve, Optic tract, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Optic radiation, Primary visual cortex

105
Q

The Visual System parts (4):

A

Eyeball, Optic nerve, Optic chiasm, Optic tract

106
Q

Direction of Visual System:

A

Optic nerve > Optic chiasm > Optic tract > LGN of thalamus > Occipital lobe

107
Q

The Visual System parts (front to back):

A

Optic tract, Optic nerve, Optic radiation, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Optic chiasm, Eyeball

108
Q

Lesions of specific segments of the visual system produce:

A

Typical visual field defects

109
Q

Approaches to the Study of Brain Function
Animals and humans: anatomy, physiology, and behavior

A

Tract tracing; Single unit recordings; Behavioral studies, pharmacology

110
Q

Approaches to the Study of Brain Function
Patients with focal brain lesions

A

Behavioral studies & post-mortem anatomy; Structural imaging: In vivo structure/function correlations

111
Q

Approaches to the Study of Brain Function
Neuroimaging/brain mapping

A

Functional neuroimaging

112
Q

Localization of function in the Nervous System is based on

A

Phrenology (based on racism)

113
Q

What is Broca responsible for?

A

Localization of Function in Nervous System; finding Broca’s area

114
Q

Lateralization of language on

A

Left

115
Q

Localization of function in the nervous system: Imaging inside the brain
Computed tomography (CT)

A

brain imaging method using computer controlled X-rays of the brain

116
Q

Preferred method for looking for strokes, tumors, bone fractures

A

CT

117
Q

Imaging inside the brain-
Before:
Now:

A

Before: took them through serial
Now: spiral technology (faster, defined)

118
Q

Brain imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

119
Q

Computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods

A

Functional MRI (fMRI)

120
Q

brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

121
Q

How does PET work?

A

Take baseline measurement then ask questions; areas of increased metabolism; seeing increases and decreases in change in activity

122
Q

Claustrum

A

Was thought to be on, off switch but not true

NEUR 2600 - Introduction to Neuroanatomy (26 decks)

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