Quiz 5 Flashcards
The greater omentum connects ___ to ___. Whereas the lesser omentum connects ___ to ___.
Stomach (greater curvature) to transverse colon
Liver to stomach (lesser curvature)
Define the following organs… intraperitoneal, primary retroperitoneal, secondary retroperitoneal
Intraperitoneal - covered peritoneum, associated with mesentary
Primary retroperitoneal - develops and stays behind the peritoneum
Secondary retroperitoneal - originates within peritoneum but merges back
Name the two primary retroperitoneal organs
Kidneys
Adrenal glands
Name the secondary retroperitoneal organs
Retro kids party down to AC/DC records
Pancreas
Duodenum (descending and horizontal (2 and 3)
Ascending and descending colon
Rectum
The epiploic foramen connects ___ and ___ and is situated between ___ and ____
Greater and lesser sacs
Hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament (part of the lesser omentum)
The portal triad goes through what structure?
Epiploic foramen
What portion of the duodenum does the major duodenal papilla reside in?
Second part (descending)
What portion of the duodenum passes under SMA?
Horizontal (third part)
Where would you find brunner’s glands?
Duodenum
The right and left lobes of the liver are separated by….
The falciform ligament
Which is more soluble in blood, oxygen or carbon dioxide?
CO2
The rate of diffusion is affected by…
Solubility of the gas in the fluid
Surface area of the barrier across which diffusion occurs
Distance of diffusion (membrane thickness)
MW of gas
Temperature
Define tidal volume
This is the exchanged volume. Normal volume of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation
What is occurring when Va/Q approaches 0? What about when it is approaching infinity?
No air is reaching the alveolus (blood is shunted (leaves unoxygenated)
No blood is reaching the alveolus (physiological dead space increases)
What are the normal partial pressure values for oxygen and co2?
PO2 = 104 PCO2 = 40
True or false.. VA/Q is higher than normal in the superior portions of the lung (physiological dead space)
True
Where in the lung does most shunting occur?
In the inferior portion of the lung. Less air is getting there than blood getting there (VA/Q=0.6)
Blood that leaves the alveoli has a partial pressure of O2 of ___, but once it mixes with the shunted blood it becomes ____
104mmHg
95mmHg
The percentage of blood that gives up its O2 is called the ____. At rest is about ___%, however, during exercise it can increase up to ____%
Utilization coefficient
25
85
A shift to the right of an O2 disassociation curve means that…
What can cause this?
Hb gives up O2 more easily.
This can be caused by increase of temperature, increase of PCO2, increase of 2,3 DPG, and decrease of pH
Define the bohr effect
The affinity of hemoglobin’s binding to O2 is inversely related to acidity and the concentration of CO2
Hemoglobin + CO2 is called…
Carbaminohemoglobin
Define the haldane effect
Deoxygenated blood has an increased ability to carry carbon dioxide. Thus we can infer that oxygenated blood carries less CO2
True or false.. most blood cells mature in the periphery
True
A normal hematocrit is…
40-50%
What vitamins are necessary for RBC production?
B9, B12 and iron
What are three of the neutrophil effector mechanisms?
Phagocytosis
Degranulation
Net formation
True or false… neither platelets nor RBCs contain organelles
False.. RBCs do not contain organelles but platelets do. Neither contain a nucleus however
What are the three mechanisms for preventing blood loss?
Vascular constiction
Platelet plug
Coagulation (involves fibrin)
Coagulation is indicated by the production of ___
Thrombin
prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, this is the rate limiting step
In the coagulation pathway, thrombin will convert ___ to ___
Fibrinogen to fibrin monomers
Fibrin monomers for fibrin fibers through the use of ___. Fibrin fibers are then converted to a cross-linked fibrin fiber by ____
Calcium
Thrombin -> activated fibrin stabilizing factor
Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway for producing the prothrombin activator require ___ and ___. What is the difference between these two pathways?
Calcium and vitamin K
Intrinsic begins in the blood (tissue releases a ‘help me’ signal)
Extrinsic begins at the site of tissue damage (exposure to collagen)
define holoenzyme
Complete catalitically active enzyme with all of the necesseary cofactors and coenzymes bound
True or false.. enzyme complentation to the substrate would decrease free energy demands
False.. it would increase the demands
Name four assumptions for Michaelis mention kinetics
Single substrate reaction
Free diffusion of substrate
Substrate concentration is below vmax
Constant conditions
Describe the effects of Km and Vmax for the following... Competitive inhibiton Uncompetitive inhibition Noncompetitive inhibiton Mixed inhibition
Competitive: Km shifts right, Vmax unchanged
Uncompetitive: Vmax lowered, slight left shift of Km
Noncompetitive: Vmax lowered, no change in Km
Mixed: Vmax lowered, Km shifts right
