Quiz 5

Question 1

The greater omentum connects ___ to ___. Whereas the lesser omentum connects ___ to ___.

Answer 1

Stomach (greater curvature) to transverse colon

Liver to stomach (lesser curvature)

Question 2

Define the following organs… intraperitoneal, primary retroperitoneal, secondary retroperitoneal

Answer 2

Intraperitoneal - covered peritoneum, associated with mesentary

Primary retroperitoneal - develops and stays behind the peritoneum

Secondary retroperitoneal - originates within peritoneum but merges back

Question 3

Name the two primary retroperitoneal organs

Answer 3

Kidneys

Adrenal glands

Question 4

Name the secondary retroperitoneal organs

Answer 4

Retro kids party down to AC/DC records

Pancreas
Duodenum (descending and horizontal (2 and 3)
Ascending and descending colon
Rectum

Question 5

The epiploic foramen connects ___ and ___ and is situated between ___ and ____

Answer 5

Greater and lesser sacs

Hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament (part of the lesser omentum)

Question 6

The portal triad goes through what structure?

Answer 6

Epiploic foramen

Question 7

What portion of the duodenum does the major duodenal papilla reside in?

Answer 7

Second part (descending)

Question 8

What portion of the duodenum passes under SMA?

Answer 8

Horizontal (third part)

Question 9

Where would you find brunner’s glands?

Answer 9

Duodenum

Question 10

The right and left lobes of the liver are separated by….

Answer 10

The falciform ligament

Question 11

Which is more soluble in blood, oxygen or carbon dioxide?

Answer 11

CO2

Question 12

The rate of diffusion is affected by…

Answer 12

Solubility of the gas in the fluid
Surface area of the barrier across which diffusion occurs
Distance of diffusion (membrane thickness)
MW of gas
Temperature

Question 13

Define tidal volume

Answer 13

This is the exchanged volume. Normal volume of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation

Question 14

What is occurring when Va/Q approaches 0? What about when it is approaching infinity?

Answer 14

No air is reaching the alveolus (blood is shunted (leaves unoxygenated)

No blood is reaching the alveolus (physiological dead space increases)

Question 15

What are the normal partial pressure values for oxygen and co2?

Answer 15

PO2 = 104
PCO2 = 40

Question 16

True or false.. VA/Q is higher than normal in the superior portions of the lung (physiological dead space)

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Where in the lung does most shunting occur?

Answer 17

In the inferior portion of the lung. Less air is getting there than blood getting there (VA/Q=0.6)

Question 18

Blood that leaves the alveoli has a partial pressure of O2 of ___, but once it mixes with the shunted blood it becomes ____

Answer 18

104mmHg

95mmHg

Question 19

The percentage of blood that gives up its O2 is called the ____. At rest is about ___%, however, during exercise it can increase up to ____%

Answer 19

Utilization coefficient

25

85

Question 20

A shift to the right of an O2 disassociation curve means that…

What can cause this?

Answer 20

Hb gives up O2 more easily.

This can be caused by increase of temperature, increase of PCO2, increase of 2,3 DPG, and decrease of pH

Question 21

Define the bohr effect

Answer 21

The affinity of hemoglobin’s binding to O2 is inversely related to acidity and the concentration of CO2

Question 22

Hemoglobin + CO2 is called…

Answer 22

Carbaminohemoglobin

Question 23

Define the haldane effect

Answer 23

Deoxygenated blood has an increased ability to carry carbon dioxide. Thus we can infer that oxygenated blood carries less CO2

Question 24

True or false.. most blood cells mature in the periphery

Answer 24

True

Question 25

A normal hematocrit is…

Answer 25

40-50%

Question 26

What vitamins are necessary for RBC production?

Answer 26

B9, B12 and iron

Question 27

What are three of the neutrophil effector mechanisms?

Answer 27

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
Net formation

Question 28

True or false… neither platelets nor RBCs contain organelles

Answer 28

False.. RBCs do not contain organelles but platelets do. Neither contain a nucleus however

Question 29

What are the three mechanisms for preventing blood loss?

Answer 29

Vascular constiction

Platelet plug

Coagulation (involves fibrin)

Question 30

Coagulation is indicated by the production of ___

Answer 30

Thrombin

prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, this is the rate limiting step

Question 31

In the coagulation pathway, thrombin will convert ___ to ___

Answer 31

Fibrinogen to fibrin monomers

Question 32

Fibrin monomers for fibrin fibers through the use of ___. Fibrin fibers are then converted to a cross-linked fibrin fiber by ____

Answer 32

Calcium

Thrombin -> activated fibrin stabilizing factor

Question 33

Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway for producing the prothrombin activator require ___ and ___. What is the difference between these two pathways?

Answer 33

Calcium and vitamin K

Intrinsic begins in the blood (tissue releases a ‘help me’ signal)

Extrinsic begins at the site of tissue damage (exposure to collagen)

Question 34

define holoenzyme

Answer 34

Complete catalitically active enzyme with all of the necesseary cofactors and coenzymes bound

Question 35

True or false.. enzyme complentation to the substrate would decrease free energy demands

Answer 35

False.. it would increase the demands

Question 36

Name four assumptions for Michaelis mention kinetics

Answer 36

Single substrate reaction
Free diffusion of substrate
Substrate concentration is below vmax
Constant conditions

Question 37

Describe the effects of Km and Vmax for the following...
Competitive inhibiton
Uncompetitive inhibition
Noncompetitive inhibiton
Mixed inhibition

Answer 37

Competitive: Km shifts right, Vmax unchanged

Uncompetitive: Vmax lowered, slight left shift of Km

Noncompetitive: Vmax lowered, no change in Km

Mixed: Vmax lowered, Km shifts right