Group Presentations (exam 3) Flashcards
What triangle of the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise from?
Carotid triangle
Name the 5 major branches of the superior thyroid artery
Infrahyoid branch SCM branch Anterior glandular branch Superior thyroid artery Superior laryngeal artery
The infrahyoid branch of the superior thyroid artery runs deep to what muscle?
Thyrohyoid
Which branch of the superior thyroid artery anastomoses with its contralateral side?
Infrahyoid branch
Which branch of the superior thyroid artery frequently arises as a separate branch straight off of the external carotid?
SCM branch
The superior laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid artery runs deep to what muscle?
Thyrohyoid muscle
The superior laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid artery enters the larynx through the _____ with the _____
Thyrohyoid ligament
Internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (vagus)
What does the superior laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid artery supply?
Mucus membrane and glands of the larynx
What artery supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
The cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid artery
The cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid artery varies in its course. It can either run superficial or deep to the _____. If superficial, it will be accompanied by branches of _____. If deep, it may be accompanied with the _____ nerve.
Sternothyroid
Ansa cervicalis
External laryngeal
During a cricothyroidotomy, what artery and what vein are likely to be damaged?
Cricothyroid artery branch of the superior thyroid artery
Anterior jugular vein
What branch of the superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland?
Anterior glandular branch and lateral glandular branch
What branch of the superior thyroid artery anastomoses with the inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk?
Anterior glandular branch
The vagus nerve exits the skull via what foramen?
Jugular foramen
Where does the vagus nerve have special sensation?
Pressure receptors - aortic arch
Chemoreceptors - aortic body
What nerve gives sensation to the laryngopharynx?
Vagus
The portion of the vagus nerve involved in the gag reflex arises from what nucleus in the medulla?
Nucleus ambiguous
Name the 5 branches of the vagus nerve located in the head/neck
Superior laryngeal Carotid Recurrent laryngeal Auricular Pharyngeal
Where does the auricular branch of the vagus nerve branch?
First branch, inside the skull
The auricular branch of the vagus nerve gives sensation to….
Auricle
External acoustic canal
Part of the lateral side of tympanic membrane
What branch of the vagus nerve is the principle motor nerve for the pharyngeal muscles? What pharyngeal muscle does it not innervate?
Pharyngeal branch
Does not innervate stylopharyngeous (innervated by glossopharyngeal)
What nerves make up the pharyngeal plexus?
Pharyngeal branch of vagus
External laryngeal branch of vagus
Glossopharyngeal
Sympathetics
A lot of the branches of the vagus nerve cross what artery?
Internal carotid
The carotid body is innervated by…
Glossopharyngeal
Describe the confusion with the carotid branch of vagus
The carotid body of the internal carotid artery reports to a glossopharyngeal nucleus but sometimes it runs with a vagus branch
True or false… the superior laryngeal branch combines with a sympathetic branch from the superior cervical ganglion to form the internal and external laryngeal nerves. The external laryngeal nerve gives motor to the cricothyroid by sympathetics
False. Although most of this statement is correct, the external laryngeal is actually made up of parasympathtiecs
The right recurrent laryngeal wraps around the ____ whereas the left recurrent laryngeal wraps around the ____
Right subclavian artery
Aortic arch
The recurrent laryngeal nerve ascends between what two things?
Trachea and esophagus
A unilateral lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve may cause what?
Hoarseness
What cranial nerve has the least amount if axons?
Trochlear
What cranial nerve has the longest intracranial length?
Trochlear
What is the only cranial nerve that arises from the brainstem dorsally?
Trochlear
Describe the pathway of the trochlear nerve. Four steps
Originates in the Trochlear nucleus
Emerges dorsally just below the inferior colliculus
Decussates around fourth ventricle
Circles anteriorly around brainstem
The abducens cranial nerve exits the brainstem at the junction between…
Pons and medulla
The glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull via…
Jugular foramen
If the glossopharyngeal nerve goes to the superior ganglion it is _____. If it goes to the inferior ganglion it is ____
Somatosensory
Viscerosensory
Name the seven branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve
(TTLLCMP) Tympanic Lesser petrosal Carotid Pharyngeal Muscular Tonsillar Lingual
The lesser petrosal nerve goes to what ganglion? It gets there by hitchhiking with what nerve?
Otic ganglion
Auriculotemporal of V3
What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve gives general viscerosensory of the carotid sinus and body? What kinds of receptors are located in each of these?
Carotid branch
Carotid sinus - baroreceptors
Carotid body - chemoreceptors
What branch of glossopharyngeal gives general somatosensation to the oropharynx?
Pharyngeal. This will form a plexus with motor fibers from vagus
What branch of glossopharyngeal innervates the stylopharyngeous? What type of fibers are these?
Muscular branch
Branchiomotor fibers
What branch of glossopharyngeal gives somatosenation to the palate and some mucosa of oropharynx?
Tonsillar branch
What branch of glossopharyngeal gives general somatosensation and special viscerosensory (taste) of the posterior one third of the tongue?
Lingual branch
What is glossopharyngeal neuralgia?
Blood vessel found compressing the nerve
Causes pain on one side of throat and fainting after swallowing
In abducens nerve palsy, the patient experiences double vision because the ____ muscle works without opposition. They can correct this by…
Medial lateral rectus
Turning their head sideways
True or false… the ascending pharyngeal artery has no cutaneous supply
True
Name the three main branches of the pharyngeal artery and what they supply.
Inferior tympanic - supplies inner ear
Pharyngeal branches - supplie inferior pharyngeal constrictor.
Neuromeningeal artery - has three branches
How does the neuromeningeal artery (from the ascending pharyngeal) enter the skull?
Foramen magnum
Name the three branches of the neuromeningeal artery (of the ascending pharyngeal artery), where they go, and what they supply
Hypoglossal branch (exits hypoglossal canal and feeds hypoglossal nerve) Jugular branch (exits jugular foramen and feeds 9,10,11) Posterior meningeal branch (may branch off of vertebral artery instead... feeds majority of posterior dura)
Name the 8 branches of the occipital artery and what they supply
Muscular branch - post. Digastric and stylohyoid
Meningeal branch - dura mater in post. Cranial fossa
Mastoid branch - mastoid air cells and dura
Auricular branch - medial side of auricle
Descending branch - posterior neck muscles
SCM - SCM
Stylomastoid branch - tympanic cavity
Occipital branch - posterior head
Name the four branches of the occipital artery that anastomoses with the posterior auricular artery
Muscular
Auricular
Occipital
Stylomastoid
The deep descending branch of the occipital artery anastomoses with…
Segmental branches of vertebral artery
Superficial descending branch of the occipital artery anastomoses with…
Transverse cervical branch of thyrocervical trunk
True or false… occipital aneurysms are very common
False.. they are actually rare
What is occipital neuralgia?
Headache associated with compression of the occipital nerve by the occipital artery
The oculomotor nerve arises from what nuclei? It originates at what structure of the midbrain?
Oculomotor nucleus and edinger westphal
Superior colliculus
What are the two branches of the oculomotor nerve? Which is smaller?
Superior and inferior branch
Superior branch is smaller
The superior branch of the oculomotor nerve supplies what two muscles?
Superior rectus
Lavatory palpabrae superioris
The inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve has three divisions. Describe their pathway and what they innervate
First - passes under optic nerve, supplies medial rectus
Second - straight into inferior rectus
Third - runs between inferior rectus and lateralis, supplies inferior oblique
The opthalmic vein runs through what structure?
Superior orbital fissure (as well as inferior orbital fissure?)
How does the oculomotor nerve enter the orbit? What other structures are located in this structure?
Superior orbital fissure
Opthalmic vein
V1
Trochlear and abducens
What nerves run within the cavernous sinus?
3, 4, 5, 6
What artery is most likely to be the cause of a third nerve palsy?
Posterior communicating artery
Name the four branches of the superficial temporal artery and what they supply
Transverse facial branch - parotid gland, facial muscles, masseter, temporalis
Zygomatic branch - skin and muscles near orbit
Frontal branch - skin and muscles over frontal bone
Parietal branch - skin and superior auricular muscle
The frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery anastomoses with the ….
Supraorbital and frontal branches of the opthalmic artery
Which branch of the superficial temporal artery anastomoses with its contralateral side?
Parietal branches anastomose with opposing parietal branches
The parietal branch of the superficial artery anastomoses with what three arteries?
Contralateral parietal branch of superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital artery
Name the three branches of V1
Nasociliary
Lacrimal
Frontal
What nerve provides sensation to the conjunctiva of the eye?
Lacrimal nerve of V1
What nerves provides sensation to the lateral portion of the upper eyelid?
Lacrimal of V1
Name the two branches of the frontal nerve of V1, which one runs more medially?
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear runs more medially
What nerve of V2 branches before the pterygopalatine fossa?
Middle meningeal nerve
Name the branches of V2 in the pterygopalatine fossa
Zygomatic Nasopalatine posterior superior alveolar Greater/lesser palatine Pharyngeal
Name the nerve of V2 that goes through the superior orbital fissure into the infraorbital canal. What nerves branch before the infraorbital foramen?
Infraorbital nerve
Middle superior alveolar
Anterior superior alveolar
Once the infraorbital nerve of V2 exits the infraorbital foramen, it splits into what three nerves?
Inferior palpebral
Nasal
Superior labial
What nerve wraps around the middle meningeal artery?
Auriculotemporal of V3
What branch of V3 ascends into the foramen spinosum?
Meningeal branch (runs with middle meningeal artery)
Name the four nerves of the anterior branch of V3
Long buccal (sensory)
Masseteric branch
Pterygoid branch
Deep temporal branch
Name the five nerves of the posterior branch of V3
Auriculotemporal Lingual nerve (chorda tympani hitchhiker) Inferior alveolar Mental nerve Nerve to mylohyoid (motor)
Other than providing taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue what else does chorda tympani do?
Innervates the submandibular, sublingual, and submental glands
What is the most common cause for inferior alveolar nerve damage?
Third molar extractions (75% of cases)
The chorda tympani exits the skull via what structure?
Petrotympanic fissure
What nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?
Facial
Name the three intracranial branches (within the internal acoustic meatus) of the facial nerve
Greater petrosal
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani
The facial nerve exits the skull via what foramen? What are the seven extracranial branches of facial nerve?
Stylomastoid foramen
Posterior auricular Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
Which extracranial branch of facial nerve does not run within the parotid gland? What does it innervate?
Posterior auricular - muscles near ear, posterior digastric, stylohyoid
What nerves innervates the orbicularis oculi?
Zygomatic, temporal, and buccal branches of facial
What nerve innervates the mentalis muscle?
Marginal mandibular
The posterior auricular artery anastomoses with what artery?
Occipital
Which extrinsic tongue muscle depresses and retracts the tongue?
Hyoglossus
Out of all of the cranial nerves, which is most likely to be capable of some regeneration?
Olfactory
Exposure to what chemical can be damaging to the olfactory receptor neurons?
Methyl methacrylate
True or false… in the optic chiasm, the medial fibers remain ipsilateral while the lateral fibers decussate?
False, its the opposite
90% of the optic nerve axons run to what nucleus in the thalamus?
Lateral geniculate nucleus
The other 10% of axons from the optic nerve run to the ____
Superior colliculus, synapsing with pretectal nuclei and the edinger westphal nucleus
When the optic chiasm is damaged, what nerve fibers are predominantly affected?
The axons that decussate
What is a likely cause of a bitemporal hemnianopia? What are its symptoms?
Anything that puts pressure on the optic chiasm (swelling of ACA, internal carotid aneurism)
Lateral vision affected, tunnel vision
The lingual artery runs deep to what muscle?
Hyoglossus
In 20% of individuals the lingual artery may actually originate from…
The facial artery
The deep lingual artery runs between what muscles?
Inferior longitudinal muscel and genioglossus
The lingual nerve runs along what artery?
Deep lingual artery
The sublingual artery runs between what two muscles?
Genioglossus and mylohyoid
The sublingual artery anastomoses with what artery?
Submental artery from facial
Name the cervical and facial branches of the facial artery
Cervical branches Ascending palatine Tonsillar Glandular Submental
Facial branches Inferior labial Superior labial Lateral nasal Angular
The ascending palatine artery passes up between the ____ and ____ to the side of the pharynx
Styloglossus and stylopharyngeous
The tonsillar artery pierces through what muscle to supply the tonsils?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
True or false… the glandular branch of the facial artery branches before it wraps around the body of the mandible
True
The submental artery of the facial artery supplies what three things?
Anterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid
Submandibular gland
The inferior labial branch of the facial artery anastomoses with what two arteries?
Inferior labial on contralateral side
Mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery (coming from maxillary artery)
The superior labial artery of the facial artery anastomoses with…
Kiesselbach's area... Anterior Ethmoidal (opthalmic artery) Posterior septal (sphenopalatine of maxillary) Greater palatine (maxillary) Superior labial (facial)
The lateral nasal artery ascends along the lateral border of the nose and supplies the ala and dorsum of nose. What does it anastomose with?
Septal and alar branches of the superior labial artery
Dorsal nasal branch of opthalmic
Infraorbital branch of the maxillary artery
What is the terminal branch of the facial artery?
Angular
What two nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
Facial and vestibulocochlear
Name the four superior branches of the mandibular portion of the maxillary artery
Deep auricular
Anterior tympanic
Middle meningeal
Accessory meningeal
Name the only inferior branch of the mandibular portion of the maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar
What are the three branches of the inferior alveolar branch of the mandibular portion of the maxillary artery
Mylohyoid
Mental
Incisive
What portion of the maxillary artery has branches that serve all of the muscles of mastication plus the buccinator?
Pterygoid portion
What are the branches of the pterygoid portion of the maxillary artery?
Masseteric
Pterygoids
Buccal
Deep temporal
Name the branches of the pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery in order
Posterior superior alveolar
Descending palatine (greater and lesser palatine)
Infraorbital
Sphenopalatine (posterior nasal and septal)
Pharyngeal
Artery of the pterygoid canal (vidian’s artery?)
The artery of the pterygoid canal can sometimes come off of….
The petrous portion of ICA
The nasal wall and septum receives blood from ECA and ICA from what branches
ECA - sphenopalatine
ICA - anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteris off of ophthalmic
Name the four branches of the opthalmic artery
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal
Dorsal nasal
Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Which passes superiorly to the other muscle.. posterior digastric or stylohyoid?
Stylohyoid
