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Human Form and Funciton > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false… the axial skeleton includes the pelvis

A

False

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2
Q

The axial plane in the head is analogous to the ____ plane in the rest of the body

A

Transverse

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3
Q

All synovial joints are _____ joints

A

Diarthroses (freely moveable)

Synarthroses are immovable joints (like the fibrous sutures in the skull)

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4
Q

What is the difference between perimysium and epimysium?

A

Perimysium surrounds fiber bundles whereas epimysium surrounds the entire muscle

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5
Q

The levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles are innervated by

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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6
Q

The latissimus dorsi is innervated by ____, can adduct the humerus and cause it to rotate _____

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

Medially

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7
Q

Serratus posterior is innervated by ____

A

Dorsal rami

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8
Q

Name the two splenius muscles

A

Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

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9
Q

Name the three transversospinalis muscles

A

Semispinalis
Rotatores
Multifidus

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10
Q

All of the suboccipital muscles rotate the head except for one. This muscle tilts the head. What muscle is this?

A

Obliqus capitis superior

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11
Q

What nerve innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

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12
Q

the upper subscapular nerve innervates….

A

Supscapularis only

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13
Q

The lower subscapular nerve innervates …

A

Subscapularis aaaaaand teres MAJOR

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14
Q

True or false… epithelium is typically avascular

A

True

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15
Q

Cells are anchored to the basement membrane via ____

A

Hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

Name the three layers of the basement membrane from superficial to deep

A

Lamina lucida

Lamina densa (collagen 4)

Lamina fibroreticularis (collagen 3)

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17
Q

Where might you find stratified columnar cells?

A

Male urethra

Salivary glands

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18
Q

Kinesins are involved in ____ whereas dynein is involved in ___

A

Monorail systems (brings stuff away from nucleus)

Cilia and flagella (also brings stuff TOWARDS the nucleus)

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19
Q

True or false… tight junctions give mechanical strength

A

False. They just give polarity

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20
Q

Tight junction proteins bind to ___ in each cell

A

Actin

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21
Q

In cell to cell adhesive interactions (zonula adherents), they are held by ____ and ____ complexes. In focal adhesions, these complexes are replaced by ___

A

Catinin and cadherins (remember that Cadherins are calcium dependent)

Cadherins are replaced with integrins

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22
Q

What is the difference in the function between zonula adherens and focal adhesions?

A

Zonula adherens attach cell to cell (like a band wrapping around the cell). Focal adhesions, however attach the cell to the ECM

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23
Q

Desmosomes form ___ interactions, help resist ____ forces, and attach to ____ filaments

A

Heterotypic

Shearing

Intermediate

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24
Q

True or false… hemidesmosomes attach to intermediate filaments and have integrin as their transmembrane protein

A

True

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25
Q

True or false… gap junctions are homotypic interactions and attach to the cytoskeleton

A

First part is true, second is false

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26
Q

Connective tissue consists of what three things

A

Cells, ECM fibers, ECM ground substance

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27
Q

True or false… fibroblasts are highly motile

A

True

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28
Q

True or false… fibroblasts have strong cel-cell connections

A

False. They rarely have connections

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29
Q

Adipocytes are composed of a single lipid droplet, thin rim of cytoplasm with a flattened nucleus, and each adipocytes is surrounded by ____

A

Basal lamina

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30
Q

CT ground substance is primarily made up of ____ and ____. Describe them.

A

Proteoglycans - main component, produced by fibroblasts, protein core with glycosaminoglycan chains (sequesters water) (**sequesters growth factors, so when damaged it can help activate GF receptors)

Glycoproteins - proteins with a small carbohydrate side chain.

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31
Q

What is the most abundant type of connective tissue? Describe it

A

Loose connective tissue - more cells and ground substance, fewer fibers, fills space between organs, provides support and form but not as much structure, **underlies epithelia

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32
Q

Describe what a phospholipid looks like.. a glycerophospholipid and a sphingolipid

A

Glycerophospholipid - glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate head with an alcohol

Sphingolipid - has a sphingosine backbone (also extends to make up one of the tails) one fatty acid chain, a phosphate head attached to *choline

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33
Q

Fats are transported from the intestine through the ____ to the liver via ____

A

Lymphatics

Chylomicrons

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34
Q

What are the three major membrane lipids?

A

Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Glycolipids (carbohydrate attached to a lipid)

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35
Q

What effects does cholesterol have on the membrane?

A

Increases membrane rigidity

Reduces membrane permeability

Lipid raft constituent

36
Q

Injury and infection drive the release of what three inflammatory lipids? These serve to…

A

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes

These are vasodilators

37
Q

In inflammation the ___ enzyme converts _____ into prostaglandins and thromboxanes

A

COX 1/2

Arachadonic acid

38
Q

How do NSAIDs work?

A

These non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs block the function of COX 1/2 to reduce the amounts f prostaglandin and thromboxane production to reduce inflammation

39
Q

Nucleic acids are ___ connected by ____ bonds

A

Nuceleotides

Phosphodiester

40
Q

What three things are nucleotides/nucleic acids involved in?

A

Information transfer
Energy transfer
Signal transduction (cAMP)

41
Q

In comparison to DNA, RNA has an extra -oh group on what carbon?

A

2’

42
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

DNA wrapped around a histone protein

43
Q

RNA has the same sequence as the ____ DNA strand except that ____ is swapped for ___

A

Nontemplate

T

U

44
Q

In muscle cells, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ____ receptors

A

Ryanodine

45
Q

In a muscle cell, in order to pump calcium back into the SR by ____ pumps. This requires ___

A

SERCA

ATP

46
Q

A sarcomere extends from ___ to ____

A

Z disc to Z disc

47
Q

What is the A band in a sarcomere?

A

The darker band. This comprises the entire length of myosin

48
Q

What is the I band in a sarcomere?

A

The lighter band. This is the length of actin alone (no overlap with myosin). Note that actin extends on both sides of a Z disc, The I band accounts for the entire length of actin alone)

49
Q

What is the H zone in a sarcomere?

A

Portion of myosin that is not overlapped with actin

50
Q

What two bands/zones shorten during contraction?

A

H band

I band

51
Q

What are the role of Titins in a muscle cell?

A

Anchors thick filaments to Z discs and runs within thick filaments to the M line

This will hold thick filaments in place

Helps muscle spring back into shape after contraction

52
Q

When the muscle is relaxed and cytoplasmic calcium levels are low, the actin binding sites are shielded by ____so that the myosin head cant bind

A

Tropomyosin

53
Q

In order for muscle contraction to occur, calcium binds to ____ which shifts ____ to allow myosin to bind to actin. The higher amount of calcium present, the more this process happens

A

Troponin

Tropomyosin

54
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from alpha neuron into the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

55
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are held together by ___. These are composed of ___ and ____

A

Intercalated disks

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

56
Q

Cardiac muscles almost lay exclusively use ____ respiration, thus have ___ mitochondria and ___ myoglobin content

A

Aerobic

Large

High

57
Q

True or false… smooth muscle contains more troponin than skeletal muscle

A

False. Smooth muscle lacks troponin

58
Q

What are the sources of calcium for smooth muscle contraction?

A

SR, extracellular space

59
Q

True or false… relaxation of smooth muscle doesn’t always occur when calcium levels decrease

A

True

This is because myosin must be dephosphorylated in order to relax which is a slower process. Also, the calcium-calmodulin complex must dissociate

60
Q

True or false… prokaryotes lack a cytoskeleton

A

True

61
Q

Lipid rafts are ____ and ___ rich. Describe what lipid rafts are

A

Cholesterol and sphingolipid

Lipid rafts have limited fluidity, regulate signal transduction and endocytosis, creates an anchor to keep all of the associated membrane components together

62
Q

What are four functions of endocytosis?

A

Remodel the cell membrane

Alter extracellular environment

Provide necessary nutrients

Regulate signal transduction

63
Q

What type of endocytosis occurs independently of lipid raft domains?

A

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

64
Q

What type of endocytosis occurs within lipid raft domains?

A

Caveole dependent

..and a bunch of others

65
Q

Describe how clathrin mediated endocytosis works and what components are involved

A

AP2 goes to membrane and recruits clathrin. Clathrin forms a sphere like structure to pull the membrane in. Dynamin makes neck around the invagination and cleaves off the membrane to create the intracellular vesicle

66
Q

What is the function of Rab GTPase proteins?

A

These will tell the vesicles where to go. First goes to early endosome, then can go to late endosome to be degraded by lysosome, or go to the recycling endosome to be exocytosed, or to a MVB for further direction

67
Q

True or false.. RNA is passively exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

A

False… they are ACTIVELY exported

68
Q

What occurs in G2 phase of interphase?

A

Chromosomes cohere and proper duplication is checked

69
Q

The spinal cord ends between ___ and ___

A

L1 and L2

70
Q

How many vertebrae of the following… cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

A 
Cervical = 7
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Sacral = 5
71
Q

usually, spinal nerve levels exit directly below the vertebrae of the corresponding level. What is unique about cervical?

A

There are 8 cervical nerves because the first exits above the atlas.

72
Q

What spinal cord level is between L1 and L2?

A

Sacral

73
Q

You would find CSF in between what two meninges?

A

Arachnoid mater and pia mater

74
Q

Where would you find dentaticulate (dentate) ligaments? What mater is it made up of?

A

This is pia mater. It anchors the spinal cord to the sides. It is found in between the ventral and dorsal roots

75
Q

The ventral horn of the spinal cord is involved ___ whereas the lateral horn is involved in___

A

Somatic motor

Visceral motor

76
Q

True or false… the dorsal horn receives both somatic and visceral sensory info

A

True

77
Q

True or false… there is more white mater in the cervical spinal cord that’s the lumbar

A

True

78
Q

True or false… rami have one way traffic of axons

A

False… rami have two way traffic. Its the roots that have one way traffic

79
Q 
Describe the following dermatomes...
C2
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
T4
T7
T10
A 
C2 - occipital protuberanc
C4 - collar
C5 - lateral shoulder
C6 - thumb 
C7 - middle finger
C8 - little finger
T1 - medial elbow 
T4 - nipple
T7- xiphoid
T10 - belly button
80
Q 
Describe the following myotomes...
C5
C6
C7
C8
A

C5 - shoulder abduction
C6- elbow flexion, wrist extension

C7 - elbow extension
C8 - wrist flexion, thumb abduction

81
Q

The dorsal root ganglia are derivatives from ___

A

Neural crest cells

82
Q

True or false… the sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia and intramural ganglia are also derived from neural crest cells

A

True

83
Q

The splanchnic nerves do not synapse in the sympathetic chain, rather they synapse in the ____

A

Pre-aortic ganglia/plexus

84
Q

Sympathetic fibers can enter the sympathetic chain through ____ but exit through ___

A

White ramus communicans

Grey ramus communicans

85
Q

Do sympathetics synapse at the level at which they innervate or directly after entering the sympathetic chain?

A

They synapse at the level they innervate

86
Q

True or false… visceral sensory info travels through the sympathetic chain

A

True. But its synapse occurs in the dorsal root ganglion

Human Form and Funciton (15 decks)

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