Quiz 1 Flashcards
True or false… the axial skeleton includes the pelvis
False
The axial plane in the head is analogous to the ____ plane in the rest of the body
Transverse
All synovial joints are _____ joints
Diarthroses (freely moveable)
Synarthroses are immovable joints (like the fibrous sutures in the skull)
What is the difference between perimysium and epimysium?
Perimysium surrounds fiber bundles whereas epimysium surrounds the entire muscle
The levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles are innervated by
Dorsal scapular nerve
The latissimus dorsi is innervated by ____, can adduct the humerus and cause it to rotate _____
Thoracodorsal nerve
Medially
Serratus posterior is innervated by ____
Dorsal rami
Name the two splenius muscles
Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
Name the three transversospinalis muscles
Semispinalis
Rotatores
Multifidus
All of the suboccipital muscles rotate the head except for one. This muscle tilts the head. What muscle is this?
Obliqus capitis superior
What nerve innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve
the upper subscapular nerve innervates….
Supscapularis only
The lower subscapular nerve innervates …
Subscapularis aaaaaand teres MAJOR
True or false… epithelium is typically avascular
True
Cells are anchored to the basement membrane via ____
Hemidesmosomes
Name the three layers of the basement membrane from superficial to deep
Lamina lucida
Lamina densa (collagen 4)
Lamina fibroreticularis (collagen 3)
Where might you find stratified columnar cells?
Male urethra
Salivary glands
Kinesins are involved in ____ whereas dynein is involved in ___
Monorail systems (brings stuff away from nucleus)
Cilia and flagella (also brings stuff TOWARDS the nucleus)
True or false… tight junctions give mechanical strength
False. They just give polarity
Tight junction proteins bind to ___ in each cell
Actin
In cell to cell adhesive interactions (zonula adherents), they are held by ____ and ____ complexes. In focal adhesions, these complexes are replaced by ___
Catinin and cadherins (remember that Cadherins are calcium dependent)
Cadherins are replaced with integrins
What is the difference in the function between zonula adherens and focal adhesions?
Zonula adherens attach cell to cell (like a band wrapping around the cell). Focal adhesions, however attach the cell to the ECM
Desmosomes form ___ interactions, help resist ____ forces, and attach to ____ filaments
Heterotypic
Shearing
Intermediate
True or false… hemidesmosomes attach to intermediate filaments and have integrin as their transmembrane protein
True
True or false… gap junctions are homotypic interactions and attach to the cytoskeleton
First part is true, second is false
Connective tissue consists of what three things
Cells, ECM fibers, ECM ground substance
True or false… fibroblasts are highly motile
True
True or false… fibroblasts have strong cel-cell connections
False. They rarely have connections
Adipocytes are composed of a single lipid droplet, thin rim of cytoplasm with a flattened nucleus, and each adipocytes is surrounded by ____
Basal lamina
CT ground substance is primarily made up of ____ and ____. Describe them.
Proteoglycans - main component, produced by fibroblasts, protein core with glycosaminoglycan chains (sequesters water) (**sequesters growth factors, so when damaged it can help activate GF receptors)
Glycoproteins - proteins with a small carbohydrate side chain.
What is the most abundant type of connective tissue? Describe it
Loose connective tissue - more cells and ground substance, fewer fibers, fills space between organs, provides support and form but not as much structure, **underlies epithelia
Describe what a phospholipid looks like.. a glycerophospholipid and a sphingolipid
Glycerophospholipid - glycerol backbone with two fatty acid tails and a phosphate head with an alcohol
Sphingolipid - has a sphingosine backbone (also extends to make up one of the tails) one fatty acid chain, a phosphate head attached to *choline
Fats are transported from the intestine through the ____ to the liver via ____
Lymphatics
Chylomicrons
What are the three major membrane lipids?
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Glycolipids (carbohydrate attached to a lipid)
What effects does cholesterol have on the membrane?
Increases membrane rigidity
Reduces membrane permeability
Lipid raft constituent
Injury and infection drive the release of what three inflammatory lipids? These serve to…
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
These are vasodilators
In inflammation the ___ enzyme converts _____ into prostaglandins and thromboxanes
COX 1/2
Arachadonic acid
How do NSAIDs work?
These non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs block the function of COX 1/2 to reduce the amounts f prostaglandin and thromboxane production to reduce inflammation
Nucleic acids are ___ connected by ____ bonds
Nuceleotides
Phosphodiester
What three things are nucleotides/nucleic acids involved in?
Information transfer
Energy transfer
Signal transduction (cAMP)
In comparison to DNA, RNA has an extra -oh group on what carbon?
2’
What is a nucleosome?
DNA wrapped around a histone protein
RNA has the same sequence as the ____ DNA strand except that ____ is swapped for ___
Nontemplate
T
U
In muscle cells, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ____ receptors
Ryanodine
In a muscle cell, in order to pump calcium back into the SR by ____ pumps. This requires ___
SERCA
ATP
A sarcomere extends from ___ to ____
Z disc to Z disc
What is the A band in a sarcomere?
The darker band. This comprises the entire length of myosin
What is the I band in a sarcomere?
The lighter band. This is the length of actin alone (no overlap with myosin). Note that actin extends on both sides of a Z disc, The I band accounts for the entire length of actin alone)
What is the H zone in a sarcomere?
Portion of myosin that is not overlapped with actin
What two bands/zones shorten during contraction?
H band
I band
What are the role of Titins in a muscle cell?
Anchors thick filaments to Z discs and runs within thick filaments to the M line
This will hold thick filaments in place
Helps muscle spring back into shape after contraction
When the muscle is relaxed and cytoplasmic calcium levels are low, the actin binding sites are shielded by ____so that the myosin head cant bind
Tropomyosin
In order for muscle contraction to occur, calcium binds to ____ which shifts ____ to allow myosin to bind to actin. The higher amount of calcium present, the more this process happens
Troponin
Tropomyosin
What neurotransmitter is released from alpha neuron into the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
Cardiac muscle cells are held together by ___. These are composed of ___ and ____
Intercalated disks
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Cardiac muscles almost lay exclusively use ____ respiration, thus have ___ mitochondria and ___ myoglobin content
Aerobic
Large
High
True or false… smooth muscle contains more troponin than skeletal muscle
False. Smooth muscle lacks troponin
What are the sources of calcium for smooth muscle contraction?
SR, extracellular space
True or false… relaxation of smooth muscle doesn’t always occur when calcium levels decrease
True
This is because myosin must be dephosphorylated in order to relax which is a slower process. Also, the calcium-calmodulin complex must dissociate
True or false… prokaryotes lack a cytoskeleton
True
Lipid rafts are ____ and ___ rich. Describe what lipid rafts are
Cholesterol and sphingolipid
Lipid rafts have limited fluidity, regulate signal transduction and endocytosis, creates an anchor to keep all of the associated membrane components together
What are four functions of endocytosis?
Remodel the cell membrane
Alter extracellular environment
Provide necessary nutrients
Regulate signal transduction
What type of endocytosis occurs independently of lipid raft domains?
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
What type of endocytosis occurs within lipid raft domains?
Caveole dependent
..and a bunch of others
Describe how clathrin mediated endocytosis works and what components are involved
AP2 goes to membrane and recruits clathrin. Clathrin forms a sphere like structure to pull the membrane in. Dynamin makes neck around the invagination and cleaves off the membrane to create the intracellular vesicle
What is the function of Rab GTPase proteins?
These will tell the vesicles where to go. First goes to early endosome, then can go to late endosome to be degraded by lysosome, or go to the recycling endosome to be exocytosed, or to a MVB for further direction
True or false.. RNA is passively exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
False… they are ACTIVELY exported
What occurs in G2 phase of interphase?
Chromosomes cohere and proper duplication is checked
The spinal cord ends between ___ and ___
L1 and L2
How many vertebrae of the following… cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 5
usually, spinal nerve levels exit directly below the vertebrae of the corresponding level. What is unique about cervical?
There are 8 cervical nerves because the first exits above the atlas.
What spinal cord level is between L1 and L2?
Sacral
You would find CSF in between what two meninges?
Arachnoid mater and pia mater
Where would you find dentaticulate (dentate) ligaments? What mater is it made up of?
This is pia mater. It anchors the spinal cord to the sides. It is found in between the ventral and dorsal roots
The ventral horn of the spinal cord is involved ___ whereas the lateral horn is involved in___
Somatic motor
Visceral motor
True or false… the dorsal horn receives both somatic and visceral sensory info
True
True or false… there is more white mater in the cervical spinal cord that’s the lumbar
True
True or false… rami have one way traffic of axons
False… rami have two way traffic. Its the roots that have one way traffic
Describe the following dermatomes... C2 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T4 T7 T10
C2 - occipital protuberanc C4 - collar C5 - lateral shoulder C6 - thumb C7 - middle finger C8 - little finger T1 - medial elbow T4 - nipple T7- xiphoid T10 - belly button
Describe the following myotomes... C5 C6 C7 C8
C5 - shoulder abduction
C6- elbow flexion, wrist extension
C7 - elbow extension
C8 - wrist flexion, thumb abduction
The dorsal root ganglia are derivatives from ___
Neural crest cells
True or false… the sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia and intramural ganglia are also derived from neural crest cells
True
The splanchnic nerves do not synapse in the sympathetic chain, rather they synapse in the ____
Pre-aortic ganglia/plexus
Sympathetic fibers can enter the sympathetic chain through ____ but exit through ___
White ramus communicans
Grey ramus communicans
Do sympathetics synapse at the level at which they innervate or directly after entering the sympathetic chain?
They synapse at the level they innervate
True or false… visceral sensory info travels through the sympathetic chain
True. But its synapse occurs in the dorsal root ganglion
