Quiz 4 - Time Flashcards
Time
Metaphorical mind
Metaphor theory - aka embodied cognition - holds that we understand abstract concepts through metaphor with more basic bodily concepts
We think of the mind as a container and ideas as objects
ie get that idea out of my head
- gaveme an idea
- stole my idea
- got a headache
- what’s going on in your head
Writing direction and language - Hebrew speakers arrange pictures right to left chronologically - English speakers arrange left to right - based on direction of reading and writing
We think of time in terms of space
English - stages - left to right same as writing
Wizard of Oz - Dorothy goes left to right - perceived as being good - bad is right to left
Ie FedEx logo in different languages changes direction of arrow
What direction is the future
English past is behind us and future is in front of us
Aymara - reversed - you can see past in front and future is behind as you cannot see it
Mandarin/Chinese it is top to bottom with past at top and suture at the bottom
Time related biases
Planning Fallacy - we underestimate future task completion times
Rosy retrospection - we think of our adolescence as better than it was
Telescoping - we think of recent things as more past and past things as more recent
Consistency bias - we think our views never change
Outcome biases - we judge an action by its outcomes rather than quality of decision given information known at the time
Hyperbolic discounting - we value our future selves less
When is the meeting
Wednesday’s meeting has been. Moved forward two days
Is the meeting Monday or Friday
Ego moving - person/time moving to Friday metaphor still water
Time moving - person/time moving to Monday metaphor river flowing
Situational effects - long line people at back of line feel time is moving and they are not - Monday - as people move to front of line they feel they are moving through time - Friday
Estimating how much time has past
Prospective time estimation - start estimating in future
Retrospective time estimation - how long was time duration - past
If bored you overestimate prospective time - you think it passed faster but you underestimate in retrospection
What causes time slowing?
ADHD
Depression
Being disturbed
Social rejection
Fear
Boredom
How do we measure time?
We measure time in number of new experiences
Trip there seems to take longer than trip home - fewer new memories on trip back so fewer episodic memories about trip
Used as an estimate of how much time has passes
Boring things take forever in the moment but feels like flies by in retrospect because fewer new memories
One reason time flies as we get older
Can you make life feel longer by adding variety
Yes but repetition is meaningful and has lower cognitive load
Ie Steve Jobs wore same thing every day
Clocks in our mind
People are able to estimate time passed while sleeping to within 15 mins.
Does not happen under anesthesia
Understanding speech requires time estimates at milliseconds
We have lots of clocks in our mind for different things
Circadian rhythm
Animals and plants have it
Adjusted with light
Jet lag 1 day per hour recovery
Senses 24 hour periods but has no sense of hours
Sleepiness is caused by circadian rhythm and sleep pressure
Chronotypes - morning people, night people, middle people
Calculate chronotype by finding your sleep midpoint on days when not much scheduled ie weekend - take midpoint between when you go to sleep and when you wake up naturally = Results - midnight to 3am - morning person
3am to 6am middle - most people
After 6am - night person
Chronotype changes with age - youngster and seniors - morning - teen and midlife - night
High school starts too early - delaying school start time improves grades, sleep, health
Why does high school start early - bus drivers, sports after school, parent work schedule
Some age related cognitive decline was testing older adults in the late afternoon when grad students were wide awake running test but old people had been up 12 hours
Vigilence, slump, recovery
Slump 7 hours after waking - more accidents
Morning and middle people - vigilence, slump, recovery
Night people - recovery, slump vigilance
Plan day according to chronotype - less stress, greater job satisfaction and productivity
When to exercise
Morning better for weight loss, mood strengthening, compliance (doing it)
Afternoon better for peek performance,enjoyment, preventing injury
Better to make change at temporal landmarks - New Years Day, Birthdays, Anniversaries
