Quiz 1 - Learning, Memory And Representation

Question 1

How does the human mind work?

Answer 1

Senses interpret things, commit to memory/knowledge, mind initiates action

Question 2

What is disembodied software?

Answer 2

Artificial intelligence makes recommendations ie Amazon

Question 3

What is distributed cognition?

Answer 3

How information processing is dispersed across people and their workplace, their technologies and their social organization and how information processing evolves over time. It provides a framework and method to examine the interactions between people and objects thereby highlighting the complex interdependencies between people and objects.

Question 4

What is perception?

Answer 4

Perceptual or concrete thinking is perception - the interpretation of sensation according to one’s experience.

Question 5

What is cognition?

Answer 5

Cognition includes all conscious and unconscious processes by which knowledge is accumulated, such as perceiving, conceiving, recognizing and reasoning.

Question 6

What is cognition?

Answer 6

Cognition is a term for the mental processes that take place in the brain, including thinking, attention, language, learning, memory and perception.

Question 7

Examples of representations stored in memory?

Answer 7

Human Brain - long and short term memory
Software - databases, symbols
Distributed Systems - paper, brain, disk, environment manipulation

Question 8

Explain how cognition is manipulation of representations

Answer 8

Perceived by the eye to be # 3 - patterns of light - neurones send signals for processing patterns of light which generates memories/beliefs - ability to alter 3 to 8 as fav number - manipulation of representations

Question 9

Sensory memory

Answer 9

Rewritten every few seconds
Echoing memory - memory from sounds you hear held briefly
Iconic memory - stores visual images briefly
Working memory - stores information long enough until utilized ie remember address while driving - holds information while solving a problem

Question 10

Short term memory

Answer 10

Temporary store of experiences (May turn into long term memory)
Hippocampus transfers short term memory to long term memory
Basal ganglia stores knowledge about procedural functions ie walking

Question 11

Long term memory

Answer 11

Stored forever during sleep - may be difficult to retreive

Question 12

Long Term Memory breakdown

Answer 12

Declarative - semantic = fact, episodic = what happened to you
Non declarative - implicit/procedural knowledge = know by repetition ie PIN number

Question 13

Cognitive science metaphor

Answer 13

Mind is software
Brain is hardware

Question 14

Learning

Answer 14

How memories get in your head and change
Purpose is to change for better action in the future

Question 15

Learning habituation

Answer 15

First time you hear a loud noise you jump, second time you hear the same loud noise your reaction is not as strong

Question 16

Learning sensitization

Answer 16

First time you might not feel something very much but after repetition you become more sensitive to it ie vibration of phone message

Question 17

Learning classical conditioning

Answer 17

Two unrelated stimuli become associated ie dog gets excited by bell ringing as food is provided

Question 18

Operant conditioning

Answer 18

Changing behaviour because of reinforcement
Encouraging behaviour- positive reinforcement-reward for behaviour, negative reinforcement-removes reinforcement by taking away ie take away chlorine eye sting by wearing goggles
Diminishing behaviour-positive punishment-unwanted outcome as a result of behaviour ie burning fingers touching hot stove, negative punishment-extinction-allowance cut off for stealing
Positive=Present, Negative=Remove, Reinforce=make more likely, Punish=make less likely

Question 19

Learning Practice

Answer 19

Do again and again - uses reinforcement and punishment to hone skill - become habitual or instinct, fast, unconscious - can be automated ie walking, tie shoes, drive

Question 20

Learning imprinting

Answer 20

Time sensitive learning - Canada goose learns biggest thing it sees immediately after birth is it’s mother

Question 21

Learning observational

Answer 21

Watch someone else do something
Cultural learning - men stand legs apart-women legs together
Learn by seeing others-not taught

Question 22

Learning testimony

Answer 22

Learn by reading or taught by someone

Question 23

Learning mentorship

Answer 23

Learn from others and teach others-more than observational ie cooking

Question 24

Learn over Human History

Answer 24

Genetic-when an environment change slowly-adapt to changes in environment ie natural disasters
Cultural - imitation - learns itself when environment changes quickly
Content Bias - imitate best idea
Prestige Bias - imitate most successful
Conformist Bias - imitate most common/most popular way of doing something
Individual - figures out on your own

Question 25

Interdisciplinary Fields in Cognitive Science

Answer 25

CLAPN
Cognitive Psychology
Linguistics
Artificial Intelligence
Philosophy
Neuroscience