Quiz 4 Objectives Flashcards
List and define the three types of Differential Reinforcement procedures.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
- Conducted on an FR1 schedule
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) - Based on Intervals of Time
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of bx (DRL)
DRA: Reinforce desirable/appropriate bx & EXT for undesirable (classic differential reinforcement)
DRO: Reinforce Absence of problem bx for Specified amount of time & EXT for problem bx.
DRL: Reinforcement contingent on a lower rate of responding during a period of time.
What are the two ways to Determine Reinforcers to use in a DRA intervention?
- First* - conduct an FBA to determine the SR maintaining the problem bx, your substitute SR will be based on this.
1) Verbal Preference Assessment: Ask the person or someone close what items activities are preferred.
2) Item or Activity Preference Assessment
List the three types of Preference Assessments & how each are conducted.
Singe-stimulus: Each item presented one at a time, calculate & graph % of times each item chosen.
Paired-stimulus Preference Assessment: Two items presented. Calculate & graph % times each item chosen.
Multiple-stimulus without replacement preference assessment: Record which item is chosen, remove chosen item, present remaining items. Graph Hierarchy
Why are reinforcer assessments conducted?
To validate preference assessment outcome.
Process:
- Determine operant response.
- Conduct BL
- Conduct SR phase where SR contingent upon each occurrence of operant response.
Describe DRA for problem behavior maintained by attention.
Provide attention on an FR1 for desirable bx - No longer deliver attention (SR) for undesirable bx.
Describe DRA for problem bx maintained by tangibles.
Provide preferred tangible immediately on FR1 for desirable bx. - No longer deliver tangible (SR) for undesirable bx.
Describe DRA for problem bx maintained by escape.
Provide escape (break) immediately FR1 style for desirable bx. - No longer deliver/allow escape for/when undesirable bx occurs.
How are problem bx’s maintained by attention, tangibles, and escape similar & different?
After desirable continuously occurs & undesirable decreases, thin the schedule of SR (intermittently delivered) to promote maintenence
What is functional communication training(FCT)?
Desirable bx is a COMMUNICATIVE response to gain access to SR
- “Play with me”
- “Can I have __?”
- Signing for desired Sr
List several examples of communicative responses (FCT) that can be used depending on the person’s abilities.
- Asking for ____
- Signing for ___
- Using picture card
- Using communication device
How is the initial DRO interval determined?
Through an FBA - determine WTF SR is so that SR may be replace with preferred SR for preferred bx.
If problem bx occurs during DRO, what should the change agent do?
Restart the timer.
What is the difference between Full-Session DRL & Spaced-Responding DRL?
Full-session: SR delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occur during a period of time = full-session
Spaced-responding: SR delivered contingent on a predetermined amount of time between responses.
What is an example of a DR procedure?
asdf
Explain the DRO procedure steps. Give an example.
Identify PB. Identify SR maintaining PB bx. Come up with SR that will promote preferred bx. Perform FBA to confirm new SR’s effectiveness. Plan delivery of SR contingent on less than amount of time that passes, on average, between each PB.
E.g.- Johnny keeps feeding the dog at the dinner table. Functional SR is attention- replace SR with games at the table(i spy). Because Johnny seems to feed the dog about every 5 minutes, deliver SR about every 3 minutes, gradually increasing as Johnny’s table manners improve.
Explain the DRL procedure process.
First determine if DRL is appropriate- want to decrease rate of bx but eliminate it.
Determine full-session vs spaced-responding. If timing of bx, how quickly, not how often/overall rate, is important, then Spaced-responding most appropriate.
Full-session Eg- Aaron keeps checking his phone for the score of the chiefs game during church. Tell Aaron he can only check 3 times. Give him a notecard with 3 empty boxes.
Spaced-responding Eg- Tanya eats sweets frequently throughout the day. Limit her to just 1 sweet every 3 hours. Set a timer to go off every 3 hours.
List 3 ways antecedents can be manipulated to increase desired bx.
1) Present Sd or cues that have stimulus control over desired bx (make desired bx more likely)
2) Arrange EO such that consequences of desirable bx more reinforcing.
3) Decrease response effort for desirable bx
List 3 ways antecedents can be manipulated to decrease PB bx.
1) Remove Sd/cues for undesirable bx
2) Arrange AO to decrease the value of reinforcer for undesirable bx.
3) Increase response effort for undesirable bx.
What are the variations of DRO? Explain.
Whole-interval DRO
- PB must be absent for the ‘Whole Interval’ for SR to be delivered
Momentary DRO
- PB must be absent at the end of the interval for SR to be delivered (don’t have to watch person entire time)
List ways in which one could decrease the aversiveness of demand contexts in an antecedent intervention for PB maintained by escape.
- Provide potent Sr for correct responding.
- Include instruction within context of preferred activities.
- Decrease # of demands/duration of demand period.
- Use errorless learning/provide help to complete the task.
Define TO. What are the two types?
Loss of access to ALL positive reinforcers for a BRIEF period (1-3 minutes).
Non-exclusionary & Exclusionary
What is Non-exclusionary TO? Give a couple examples.
Individual remains in room while being removed from access to positive SR
Eg- Time-out Ribbon / “Sit & watch” / TO mat or chair
What is Exclusionary TO? Examples?
Individual is removed from the room (the reinforcing environment) where PB occurred & is taken to another room, which removes ALL sources of positive SR.
- Room w/o positive SRs
- Principal’s office
- Adjacent classroom
Why is it important to determine the function of the PB prior to implementing TO?
To know the best format of TO to apply if TO is even applicable to the Sr maintaining the bx.
What are some essential qualities of TO?
Time-in environment MUST be Positively Reinforcing for TO to be effective.
Time-out MUST be free of positive reinforcers
TO is NOT appropriate if PB maintained by social negative SRs (escape)
TO is NOT appropriate if PB is maintained by automatic positive SR (sensory stimulation) because time alone would provide continuous opportunity to engage i PB bx.
What functions should TO be used for?
Social positive
What functions should TO NOT be used for?
If PB is Socially Negatively reinforced.
If PB is reinforced by Automatic Positive stimuli
If a TO room is used, what safety procedures need to be followed?
Room must be safe:
- No sharp objects, objects that could be harmful
- Well lit
- Observation window
- No inside lock
Explain the necessary factors that need to be a part of Time-in for it to be effective.
Environment needs to be Socially, Positively reinforcing.
Cannot acknowledge person after implementation
What is Response Cost?
- Negative Punishment*
- Removal of a specific AMOUNT of a specific Sr that person already has, contingent on occurrence of PB.
What are the similarities & difference between RC, TO, & EXT?
Similarities - used to decrease problem bx.
Differences -
- EXT: pb no longer results in SR that previously maintained bx
- TO: Person removed from access to ALL reinforcement
- RC: Specific amount of one, specific Sr person ALREADY has is removed
Give an example of Immediate Response Cost & Delayed Response Cost.
Immediate - ‘token’ loss or loss of ongoing Sr.
Delayed - fines payed later; loss of opportunity to engage in activity; loss of allowance.
What ethical considerations must be accounted for when implementing RC?
Cannot take away personal possessions
Depriving someone of meal/food/water
