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GBIO205 - Microbiology > Quiz 4 - Chapter 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 - Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbial Relationships

A

Symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

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2
Q

Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

A

Mutualism: Both organisms benefit (e.g., gut flora and humans)
Commensalism: One benefits while the other is unaffected (e.g., skin flora)
Parasitism: One benefits at the expense of the other (e.g., pathogens)

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3
Q

Interaction between two organisms living together

A

Symbiosis

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4
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a microbe to cause disease

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5
Q

Traits that enhance the ability of a microbe to cause disease

A

Virulence Factors

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6
Q

Virulence factors include

A

Adhesins
Enzymes
Toxins

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7
Q

Structures that allow microbes to adhere to host cells

A

adhesins (virulence factor)

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8
Q

hyaluronidase and collagenase that facilitate tissue invasion

A

Enzymes (virulence factor)

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9
Q

Exotoxins and endotoxins that damage host tissues

A

Toxins (virulence factor)

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10
Q

Infectious Disease Process (6 steps)

A

Entry: Pathogens enter the host
Adherence: Microbes adhere to host tissues via adhesins
Invasion: Microbes spread through tissues
Multiplication: Microbes reproduce and proliferate
Damage: Pathogens cause damage through direct destruction or toxin release
Exit: Pathogens leave the host to infect new hosts

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11
Q

Disease Transmission

A

Contact (direct or indirect - fomites)
Droplet
Vehicle (contaminated water, food, air)
Vector (Insects or animals)

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12
Q

3 Host Factors Influencing Infection

A

Genetic Factors
Immune Status
Age and Health

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13
Q

which pathogens cause disease primarily in individuals with weakened immune systems or pre-existing conditions

A

Opportunistic Pathogens (example Candida species)

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14
Q

define microbiome

A

The collection of microbes living in and on the human body, which can impact health and disease

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15
Q

4 steps of Disease Progression

A

Incubation Period: The time between exposure to the pathogen and the appearance of symptoms
Prodromal Period: Early symptoms that are often non-specific
Illness Phase: The stage when symptoms are most severe
Convalescence Period: Recovery phase where symptoms diminish

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16
Q

Clinical Microbiology Techniques

A

Culturing
Microscopy
Molecular Techniques

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17
Q

Culturing Microbiology technique

A

Growing microbes in a lab to identify them

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18
Q

microscopy microbiology technique

A

Visualizing microbes using microscopes

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19
Q

molecular techniques

A

Methods like PCR for detecting specific microbial DNA

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20
Q

Host-Microbe Interactions

A

Competitive Exclusion
Immunological Surveillance

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21
Q

beneficial microbes can prevent pathogen colonization by competing for resources

A

Competitive Exclusion

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22
Q

Immunological Surveillance

A

The immune system constantly monitors for pathogen presence

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23
Q

Innate Immunity definition

A

Non-specific defense mechanisms present at birth

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24
Q

Innate Immunity examples

A

physical barrier (skin, mucous membranes)
chemical barrier (secretions)
cellular defenses (phagocytes)
inflammation
fever

25
Q

Adaptive Immunity definition

A

Specific Defense Mechanisms: Develops over time and is tailored to specific pathogens

26
Q

Adaptive Immunity examples

A

Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity

27
Q

Mediated by antibodies produced by B cells (immunity type)

A

Humoral Immunity

28
Q

T cells that directly attack infected cells or help other immune cells (immunity type)

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

29
Q

Components of Adaptive Immunity

A

Antigens
Antibodies
T Cells
B Cells

30
Q

Antigens

A

Substances that trigger an immune response

31
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens

32
Q

T cells

A

Include helper T cells (assist other immune cells) and cytotoxic T cells (destroy infected cells)

33
Q

B cells

A

Produce antibodies and can become memory cells for long-term immunity

34
Q

Immune Response Mechanisms (2 types)

A

Primary and secondary

35
Q

Primary Immune Response Mechanism

A

initial response to an antigen, which is slower and less effective

36
Q

Secondary Immune Response Mechanism

A

faster and more robust response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen due to memory cell

37
Q

Immune System Disorders

A

Autoimmune Diseases
Allergies
Immunodeficiencies

38
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)

39
Q

Exaggerated immune responses to harmless substances (e.g., pollen, peanuts)

A

allergies

40
Q

Conditions where the immune system is impaired or deficient (e.g., HIV/AIDS)

A

Immunodeficiencies

41
Q

Purpose of vaccination

A

to stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against specific pathogens

42
Q

types of vaccinations

A

Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and mRNA vaccines

43
Q

Immune System Organization (organs)

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

44
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus, where immune cells develop and mature

45
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), where immune responses are initiated

46
Q

process of phagocytosis

A

recognition, engulfment, destruction

47
Q

phagocytes include

A

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

48
Q

function of complement system

A

group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens
directly kill pathogens or mark them for destruction

49
Q

inflammatory responses

A

acute, chronic

50
Q

acute inflammation is characterized by

A

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

51
Q

chronic inflammation is characterized by

A

Long-term inflammation that can lead to tissue damage (arthritis and atherosclerosis)

52
Q

Immunological Memory

A

memory B and T cells that persist after an infection and provide a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen

53
Q

Vaccination Strategies

A

herd immunity
booster shots

54
Q

Protection of the entire community when a significant proportion of individuals are immune, reducing the spread of disease

A

herd immunity

55
Q

Additional doses of a vaccine to maintain immunity over time

A

booster shots

56
Q

Immune Evasion Strategies by Pathogens

A

antigenic variation
immune suppression

57
Q

Pathogens can change their surface antigens to evade immune detection

A

antigenic variation

58
Q

Some pathogens can suppress or evade the host’s immune response

A

immune supressions

GBIO205 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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