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GBIO205 - Microbiology > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cellular microorganisms

A

bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
helminths

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2
Q

Helminths

A

animals (worms)
visible to the naked eye

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3
Q

Acellular organisms causing human disease

A

viruses
prions

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

true nucleus

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5
Q

B

A

s

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6
Q

X

A

X

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7
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

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8
Q

akaryotes (another term for what)

A

“no nucleus” - another term for prokatyotes

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9
Q

3 major distinct cell lines

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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10
Q

accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environment

A

Evolution

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11
Q

light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material accompanied by formation of oxygen

A

Photosynthesis

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12
Q

anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

occured in bacteria before plants evolved, did not produce oxygen

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13
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis

A

evolved from anoxygenic photosynthesis

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14
Q

Photosynthetic microorganisms are responsible for HOW MUCH of the earth’s photosynthesis

A

70%

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15
Q

Biotechnology (3 types)

A

Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA technology
Bioremediation

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16
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Manipulation of the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals - GMOs creation

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17
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and alter DNA

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18
Q

bioremediation

A

uses microbes already present to clean up toxic pollutants

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19
Q

microbes that cause disease

A

pathogens

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20
Q

infectious disease

A

any disease caused by microorganisms

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21
Q

emerging and reemerging diseases

A

AIDS, hepatitis C, zika virus, west Nile virus, tuberculosis

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22
Q

gastric ulcers are caused by

A

helicobacter pylori

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23
Q

which diseases have been linked to chronic infections or microbes

A

multiple sclerosis, OCD, coronary artery disease and obesity

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24
Q

X

A

X

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25
Q

X

A

X

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26
Q

Virus (composition)

A

DNA or RNA, NEVER both, protein coat and sometimes membrane

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27
Q

Prions vs viruses

A

prions are simpler than viruses

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28
Q

6 types of microorganisms (largest to smallest)

A

Helminth
Fungus
Protozoan
Bacterium
Virus
Prion

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29
Q

sterile (meaning)

A

completely free of all life forms

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30
Q

Studies supported by the work of other scientists, became known as

A

germ theory of disease

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31
Q

abiogenesis

A

spontaneous generation of life

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32
Q

biogenesis

A

theory that living things arise only from others of same kind

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33
Q

Macromolecules - 4 types

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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34
Q

all macromolecules except lipids are formed by

A

polymerization

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35
Q

monomers

A

subunits of macromolecules

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36
Q

polymers (chains of what)

A

chains of various lengths of monomers

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37
Q

carbohydrate (origin)

A

carbon and water

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38
Q

hexoses

A

6 carbons

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39
Q

pentoses

A

5 carbons

40
Q

most common and universally important hexose

A

glucose

41
Q

monosaccharides (number of carbon sugars)

A

3-7 carbon sugars

42
Q

polysaccharide (number of monosaccharides)

A

five or more monosaccharides

43
Q

disaccharides (how many monosaccharides)

A

two monosaccharides

44
Q

triglycerides (function)

A

storage

45
Q

cellulose (what is it and where is it found)

A

long, fibrous, polysaccharide
cell wall of plants and many microscopic algae

46
Q

agar

A

important component of culture media

47
Q

chitin (found where)

A

cell wall found in fungi

48
Q

peptidoglycan (component of what)

A

component of bacterial cell wall

49
Q

lipopolysaccharide (component of what)

A

component of gram-negative cell wall

50
Q

glycocalyx

A

protective outer layer, role in the attachment of cells to other cells

51
Q

triglyceride composition

A

fatty acids + glycerol

52
Q

how much energy do triglycerides yield compared to carbs per gram

A

twice as much energy per gram

53
Q

phospholipids structure (head/tail)

A

hydrophilic head - negative charge
hydrophobic tail - uncharged

54
Q

function of phospholipids

A

major component of cell membrane

55
Q

steroids (found where)

A

complex ringed compounds found in eukaryotes and bacteria

56
Q

what reinforces the cell membrane in animal cells and cell-wall-deficient bacteria

A

cholesterol - sterol

57
Q

waxes formation

A

alcohol and saturated fatty acid

58
Q

waxes function

A

waterproofing

59
Q

which are predominant organic molecules in cells

A

proteins

60
Q

protein usually contain how many amino acids

A

minimum of 50 amino acids

61
Q

peptide (composed of what)

A

composed of amino acids

62
Q

polypeptide compared to protein

A

usually has more than 20 amino acids and is a smaller subunit of protein

63
Q

primary protein structure

A

type, number, and order of amino acids

64
Q

secondary protein structure

A

arises when various functional groups interact by forming hydrogen bonds (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)

65
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

additional bonds between functional groups

66
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

when more than one polypeptide forms a large protein

67
Q

catalysts for all chemical reactions in cells

A

enzymes

68
Q

X

A

X

69
Q

nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

70
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

71
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

72
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP - (energy)

73
Q

fundamental unit of life

A

cell

74
Q

functional three-dimensional form of protein

A

native state

75
Q

disruption of the native state of a protein through application of heating agents

A

denatured protein

76
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material
contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine

77
Q

RNA

A

helper molecule responsible for carrying out DNA’s instructions

78
Q

double helix of DNA formation

A

Formed by two nucleotide strands

79
Q

pairing of nitrogen bases (DNA)

A

adenine pairs with thymine
guanine pairs with cytosine

80
Q

mRNA

A

copy of a gene providing the information for order and type

81
Q

tRNA

A

carrier that transports amino acids

82
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomes

83
Q

fourth type of RNA function

A

regulates the genes

84
Q

b

A

s

85
Q

animals and plants (numbers of cells)

A

trillions

86
Q

B

A

S

87
Q

4 fundamental Characteristics of cells

A

protoplasm in cell membrane
chromosomes containing DNA
Ribosomes for protein synthesis
Complex in function

88
Q

Eukaryotic cells are found in

A

Animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa

89
Q

Top cause of death that microorganisms cause is

A

Pneumonia

90
Q

Scientific method (6 steps)

A
  1. Observation
  2. Research
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Test Hypothesis
  5. Analyze Data
  6. Communicate Results
91
Q

Method used to prevent contamination with microorganisms

A

Aseptic technique

92
Q

The science of classifying living being is

A

Taxonomy

93
Q

Categories - taxonomy also known as

A

Taxa

94
Q

“Naming”- the assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms

A

Nomenclature

95
Q

orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy

A

Classification

96
Q

the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be recognized or named and then classified

A

Identification

97
Q

Taxonomic Categories from top to bottom

A

o Domain
o Kingdom
o Phylum/Division
o Class
o Order
o Family
o Genus
o Species

Dear King Philp Came Over For Good Soup

GBIO205 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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