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GBIO205 - Microbiology > Chapter 4 - Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

cell wall of eukaryotes compared to bacteria

A

different in chemical composition

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2
Q

the cell membrane of eukaryotes

A

Typical bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded

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2
Q

cell wall of eukaryotes is composed of

A

chitin and cellulose, outer layer of mixed glycans

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3
Q

sterols in eukaryotes cell membrane provide

A

stability to the membrane, important in cells that do not have cell wall

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4
Q

Cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes serve as

A

selectively permeable barriers

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5
Q

Most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

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6
Q

nuclear envelope (eukaryotes)

A

separates cell cytoplasm and nucleus

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7
Q

(eukaryotes) nuclear envelope is composed of

A

two parallel membranes (lipid bilayers) separated by narrow space

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8
Q

(eukaryotes) what migrates through the nuclear envelope pores

A

macromolecules

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9
Q

(eukaryotes) nucleolus is found in

A

nucleoplasm

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10
Q

(eukaryotes) nucleolus is a site of

A

ribosomal RNA synthesis

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11
Q

(eukaryotes) nucleolus is a collection area for

A

ribosomal subunits

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12
Q

(eukaryotes) chromatin is made of

A

linear DNA and histone proteins

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13
Q

(eukaryotes) appendages for moving

A

cilia and flagella

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14
Q

eukaryotic cilia are only found in

A

protozoa and certain animal cells

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15
Q

(eukaryotes) outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment

A

glycocalyx

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16
Q

(eukaryotes) internal structures of the nucleus

A

nucleolus and chromatin

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17
Q

(eukaryotes) internal structures of endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

(eukaryotes) where do ribosomes attach

A

surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

(eukaryotes) RER allows transport of materials from/to where

A

from nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell’s exterior

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20
Q

(eukaryotes) closed tubular network without ribosomes

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

(eukaryotes) smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in

A

nutrient processing and synthesis/storage of nonprotein macromolecules (such as lipids)

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22
Q

(eukaryotes) internal structure of golgi apparatus

A

vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts ribosomes

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23
Q

(eukaryotes) processing and shipping

A

golgi apparatus

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24
Q

(eukaryotes) the site in the cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to their final destinations

A

golgi apparatus

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25
Q

(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus consists of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called

A

cisternae

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26
Q

(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus is always closely associated with

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

(eukaryotes) vesicles - golgi apparatus

A

transitional vesicles
condensing vesicles

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28
Q

(eukaryotes) transitional vesicles

A

vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum are picked up at the face of the Golgi apparatus

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29
Q

(eukaryotes) where within golgi apparatus are proteins modified and how

A

transitional vesicles / within cisternae
by addition of polysaccharides and lipids

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30
Q

(eukaryotes) condensing vesicles function

A

pinch off of the Golgi apparatus - conveyed to lysosomes or transported outside the cell

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31
Q

(eukaryotes) lysosomes within GA - 3 functions

A

digestion of food, protection against invading microorganisms, removal of cell debris in damaged tissue

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32
Q

(eukaryotes) Membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

A

vacuoles

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33
Q

(eukaryotes) where are vacuoles found and why

A

in phagocytic cells in response to food and other substances that have been engulfed

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34
Q

(eukaryotes) contents of a food vacuole are digested through a merger of a vacuole with

A

lysosome

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35
Q

(eukaryotes) chloroplasts are found where

A

in algae and plant cells

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36
Q

(eukaryotes) what is capable of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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37
Q

(eukaryotes) what produces oxygen gas as a by-product of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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38
Q

(eukaryotes) what resembles mitochondria but is larger, contains pigments and varies in shape

A

chloroplasts

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39
Q

(eukaryotes) what is scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

A

ribosomes

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40
Q

(eukaryotes) where do ribosomes attach

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

(eukaryotes) ribosomes appear inside which 2 cells

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

42
Q

(eukaryotes) multiple ribosomes are often found arranged in short chains called

A

polyribosomes (polysomes)

43
Q

eukaryotic ribosome is 80S - a combination of

A

60S and 40S subunits ribonucleoprotein

44
Q

3 functions of eukaryotic cytoskeleton

A

anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape change and movement

45
Q

3 main types of eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements

A

actin filaments - long, thin strands
intermediate filaments - ropelike structures
microtubules - long, hollow tubes

46
Q

(eukaryotes) yeasts shape and reproduction

A

round to oval shape
asexual reproduction - budding

47
Q

(eukaryotes) what are hyphae and where are they found

A

long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi

48
Q

(eukaryotes) what is pseudohypha

A

chain of yeast cells

49
Q

(eukaryotes) some fungi can take either form. which means they are considered

A

dimorphic

50
Q

(eukaryotes) how many species of fungi can cause human disease

A

nearly 300

51
Q

(eukaryotes) 3 types of fungal disease in humans

A

community - enviromental pathogens
hospital - clinical settings
opportunistic - in weakened individuals

52
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi harmless spores can cause opportunistic infections in which patients

A

AIDS patients

53
Q

(eukaryotes) fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that can trigger

A

allergies

54
Q

(eukaryotes) toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can induce

A

neurological disturbance and death

55
Q

(eukaryotes) aspergillus flavus synthesizes a poison called xx which is lethal to xx

A

aflatoxin, lethal to animals who eat contaminated grain

56
Q

(eukaryotes) percentage of yearly fruit crop consumed by fungi

A

40%

57
Q

(eukaryotes) 4 benefits of fungi

A
  1. decomposing
  2. increase plant root ability to absorb water and nutrients
  3. medicine
  4. provide flavoring to food
58
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi nutrition types

A

heterotrophic
saprobic
parasitic

59
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi heterotrophic nutrition

A

acquire nutrition from a wide variety of organic substrates

60
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi saprobic nutrition

A

from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or water

61
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi parasitic nutrition

A

on the bodies of living animals or plants

62
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi are often found in

A

nutritionally poor or adverse environments, and those with high salt or sugar content

63
Q

(eukaryotes) cells of most microscopic fungi grow in

A

loose associations and colonies

64
Q

(eukaryotes) colonies of yeasts appearance

A

soft, uniform texture

65
Q

(eukaryotes) colonies of filamentous fungi appearance

A

cottony, hair, or velvety texture

66
Q

(eukaryotes) woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

A

mycelium

67
Q

(eukaryotes) septa in fungi allows flow of

A

organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments

68
Q

(eukaryotes) non septate hyphae consist of

A

one, long, continuous cell

69
Q

(eukaryotes) what is responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on a substrate

A

vegetative hyphae

70
Q

(eukaryotes) reproductive or fertile hyphae produce

A

spores

71
Q

(eukaryotes) asexual spore formation

A

sporangiospores
conidiospores (conidia)

72
Q

(eukaryotes) hyphae sporangiospores are formed by

A

cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore

73
Q

(eukaryotes) hyphae free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

A

conidiospores (conidia)

74
Q

(eukaryotes) hyphae sexual spore formation works by mixing of

A

DNA from two parent fungi

75
Q

(eukaryotes) protozoa name comes from

A

greek - “first animals”

76
Q

(eukaryotes) how many protozoa is there and what are they

A

12 000 species
inhabitants of soil and water - few are pathogens

77
Q

(eukaryotes) single cell containing all major eukaryotic organelles

A

protozoa

78
Q

(eukaryotes) protozoa cytoplasm is divided into two parts

A

ectoplasm (outer layer)
endoplasm (inner region)

79
Q

(eukaryotes) pseudopods

A

“false feet” - protozoa movement

80
Q

(eukaryotes) cell membrane of protozoa regulates what 3 things

A

food, wastes, secretion

81
Q

(eukaryotes) protozoa cell shape 2 types

A

constant (ciliates) or change constantly (amoebas)

82
Q

(eukaryotes) protozoans require food in a complex organic form which makes them

A

heterotrophic

83
Q

(eukaryotes) some protozoa have feeding structures such as

A

oral grooves

84
Q

(eukaryotes) some protozoans absorb food directly through

A

cell membrane

85
Q

(eukaryotes) main limiting factor for protozoa nutrition is

A

availability of moisture

86
Q

(eukaryotes) motile feeding stage of protozoans requiring ample food and moisture to stay active

A

trophozoite

87
Q

(eukaryotes) dormant, resting stage of protozoa when conditions in the environment become unfavorable

A

cyst

88
Q

(eukaryotes) all protozoa reproduce by

A

asexual mitotic cell division

89
Q

(eukaryotes) most but not all protozoa reproduce how

A

sexually (ciliates - two cells fuse and exchange micronuclei)

90
Q

(eukaryotes) helminths include

A

tapeworm, flukes, roundworms

91
Q

(eukaryotes) flatworm / phylum Platyhelminthes appearance and divison

A

thin, segmented body plan
divided into cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes)

92
Q

(eukaryotes) roundworms / phylum aschelminths appearance and other name

A

also called nematodes
elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented

93
Q

(eukaryotes) the most developed organ in helminths is

A

reproductive tract

94
Q

(eukaryotes) complete life cycle of helminth includes

A

fertilized egg, larval, adult stages

95
Q

(eukaryotes) nematodes appearance of sexes

A

sexes are separate and different in appearance

96
Q

(eukaryotes) trematodes appearance of sexes

A

separate or hermaphroditic

97
Q

(eukaryotes) cestodes appearance of sexes

A

generally hermaphroditic

98
Q

(eukaryotes) the host in which the larva of helminth develops is knows as

A

secondary host (intermediate)

99
Q

(eukaryotes) adulthood and mating of the helminth happens where

A

in definitive (final) host

100
Q

(eukaryotes) intermediate helminth host that experiences no parasitic development

A

transport host

GBIO205 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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