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GBIO205 - Microbiology > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Largest to smallest microorganisms

A

Helminths, Protozoa, Bacteria, Viruses, and Prions

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2
Q

pairing of nitrogen bases (DNA)

A

adenine pairs with thymine
guanine pairs with cytosine

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3
Q

bases of RNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

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4
Q

bioremediation

A

uses microbes already present to clean up toxic pollutants

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5
Q

Top cause of death that microorganisms cause is

A

Pneumonia/Influenza

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6
Q

The Scientific Name

A

genus + species

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7
Q

The Scientific Name capitalization and abbreviation

A

genus is capitalized
species part begins with a lowercase letter
both should be italicized (and underlined if handwriting)

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8
Q

Triglycerides - Function

A

Storage

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9
Q

Triglycerides are composed of

A

fatty acids + glycerol

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10
Q

Phospholipids are composed of

A

Fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate

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11
Q

Phospholipids are a major component of

A

cell membrane

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12
Q

Waxes are composed of

A

fatty acids + alcohols

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13
Q

Waxes - function

A

waterproofing

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14
Q

Steroids are composed of

A

Ringed structure

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15
Q

Steroids are found in

A

in membranes of eukaryotes and some bacteria

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16
Q

Lipids (classes)

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

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17
Q

Cellular Microorganisms are

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths

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18
Q

Acellular Microorganisms are

A

Viruses
Prions

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19
Q

Define biotechnology

A

humans manipulating microorganisms to make products in industrial setting

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20
Q

Biotechnology (3 types)

A

Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA technology
Bioremediation

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21
Q

functions of bacterial capsule

A

glycocalyx (tan coating) protective, adhesive, and receptor functions

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22
Q

where in a bacterial cell is ATP synthesized

A

plasma membrane

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23
Q

bacteria - diplococcus arrangement

A

two cells

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24
Q

bacteria - streptococcus arrangement

A

variable number of cocci in chains

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25
Q

bacteria - tetrad cocci arrangement

A

cocci in packets of four

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26
Q

bacteria - irregular clusters - cocci arrangement and example

A

number of cells varies (ex. MRSA)

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27
Q

bacteria - specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filament

A

flagellum

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28
Q

dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions

A

endospore

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29
Q

appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it

A

pilus

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30
Q

Fine, hairlike bristles extending from the bacterial cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

A

Fimbriae

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31
Q

lipopolysaccharide is an important cell envelope component of

A

outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

32
Q

different results in the Gram Stain are due to

A

differences in the agents applied to the cell

33
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

movement toward a stimulus

34
Q

what are the two functions of bacterial appendages + their names

A

motility (flagella and axial filaments) and attachments points (fimbriae, pili, and nanotubes)

35
Q

name a component in gram-positive cells that makes a stronger cell wall structure than gram-negative cells

A

layers of peptidoglycan wall

36
Q

define helminth

A

parasitic worm

37
Q

mitochondria structure and function

A

ATP energy
membrane bound cell organelle

38
Q

cilia are structures for motility found primarily in

A

protozoa

39
Q

structure of cell membrane of eukaryotes

A

bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded

40
Q

(eukaryotes) internal structure of golgi apparatus

A

vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts ribosomes

41
Q

(eukaryotes) the site in the cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to their final destinations

A

golgi apparatus

42
Q

golgi apparatus consists of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called

A

cisternae

43
Q

(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus is always closely associated with

A

endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

(eukaryotes) 2 types of vesicles - golgi apparatus

A

transitional vesicles
condensing vesicles

45
Q

in eukaryotic cells, where are ribosomes located

A

cytoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

yeasts shape and reproduction

A

round to oval shape
asexual reproduction - budding

47
Q

what is pseudohypha

A

chain of yeast cells

48
Q

some fungi can take either form which means they are considered

A

dimorphic

49
Q

how many species of fungi can cause human disease

A

nearly 300

50
Q

3 types of fungal disease in humans

A

community - enviromental pathogens
hospital - clinical settings
opportunistic - in weakened individuals

51
Q

fungi harmless spores can cause opportunistic infections in which patients

A

AIDS patients

52
Q

fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that can trigger

A

allergies

53
Q

toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can induce

A

neurological disturbance and death

54
Q

percentage of yearly fruit crop consumed by fungi

A

40%

55
Q

4 benefits of fungi

A
  1. decomposing
  2. increase plant root ability to absorb water and nutrients
  3. medicine
  4. provide flavoring to food
56
Q

fungi nutrition types

A

heterotrophic
saprobic
parasitic

57
Q

fungi saprobic nutrition

A

from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or water

58
Q

the most developed organ in helminths is

A

reproductive tract

59
Q

motile feeding stage of protozoans requiring ample food and moisture to stay active

A

trophozoite

60
Q

dormant, resting stage of protozoa when conditions in the environment become unfavorable

A

cyst

61
Q

helminths (3 body types)

A

tapeworm - segmented
flukes - leaf shaped
roundworms - cylindrical

62
Q

in humans, helminths generally infect

A

gastrointestinal tract

63
Q

chromatin - structure and location

A

inside nucleus - linear DNA and histone proteins

64
Q

what makes viruses unique as compared with the other major groups of microorganisms

A

they cannot reproduce independently and require a host cell for replication

65
Q

define oncogenic virus

A

virus that can cause cancer

66
Q

define reverse transcriptase.

A

enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA - crucial for replication of retroviruses

67
Q

development of antiviral drug therapy is difficult because

A

it is challenging to target the virus without harming the host’s cells

68
Q

purpose of viral surface proteins or spikes

A

to attach to and penetrate host cells - entry, infection

69
Q

what is a persistent viral infection

A

virus remains in the host for an extended period of time

70
Q

list 6 characteristics of all viruses

A

Acellular
Genetic Material
Protein Coat
Needs a host cell to replicate
Depends on host’s metabolism
Can mutate

71
Q

what types of cells can be infected by viruses

A

Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Bacterial Cells (bacteriophages)
Fungal Cells
Protist Cells

72
Q

protein shell of a virus is called

A

capsid

73
Q

core of every virus particle always contains

A

DNA or RNA, never both

74
Q

where do DNA viruses and RNA viruses multiply inside the host cell

A

DNA - nucleus
RNA - cytoplasm

75
Q

Viral host range is determined by

A

specific interactions between viral surface proteins (spikes) and cellular receptors on the host cell

76
Q

where does the viral envelope come from

A

from the host cell membrane, which the virus acquires as it buds off from the host cell

GBIO205 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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