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GBIO205 - Microbiology > Quiz 2 - Chapters 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 - Chapters 3 and 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

(BA) Histones

A

protein that provides structural support for a chromosome

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2
Q

Bacteria Cell External - Appendages

A

Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae and Nanowires

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3
Q

Bacteria Cell External - surface layers

A

S Layer and Glycocalyx

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4
Q

Bacteria Cell Boundary (outer membrane)

A

Cell Wall and Cytoplasmic Membrane

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5
Q

Bacteria - 8 internal structures

A

Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Inclusions
Nucleoid/chromosome
Cytoskeleton
Endospore
Plasmid
Microcompartments

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6
Q

3 components found in all bacteria

A
  1. Cell (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
  2. Bacterial Chromosome or Nucleoid
  3. ribosomes
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7
Q

(BA) what is a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool

A

Cell (Cytoplasmic) Membrane

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8
Q

what is bacterial chromosome or nucleoid composed of

A

condensed DNA molecules

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9
Q

what are bacterial ribosomes composed of // what is it a site of

A

protein and RNA - site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

9 components found in only some bacteria

A
  1. fimbriae
  2. outer membrane
  3. cell wall
  4. pilus
  5. glycocalyx
  6. plasmid
  7. flagellum
  8. nanotubes
  9. endospore
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11
Q

Fine, hairlike bristles extending from the bacterial cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

A

Fimbriae

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12
Q

bacterial extra membrane similar to cytoplasmic membrane but also containing lipopolysaccharide

A

outer membrane

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13
Q

(BA) what controls flow of materials - portions of it are toxic to mammals when released

A

outer membrane

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14
Q

semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the bacterial cell

A

cell wall

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15
Q

appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it

A

pilus

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16
Q

(BA) coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions

A

glycocalyx

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17
Q

(BA) glycocalyx fitting tightly

A

capsule

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18
Q

(BA) glycocalyx fitting loosely and diffusing

A

slime layer

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19
Q

(BA) another term for glycocalyx

A

tan coating

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20
Q

(BA) double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes

A

plasmid

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21
Q

(BA) Specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filament

A

flagellum

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22
Q

Membrane extensions that allow bacteria to transmit electrons or nutrients to other bacteria or onto environmental surfaces

A

nanotubes/nanowire

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23
Q

Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions

A

endospore

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24
Q

5 bacterial shapes

A
  1. coccus (round, spherical)
  2. rod/bacillus (cylindrical)
  3. vibrio (curved rods)
  4. spirillum (slightly curled like a corkscrew)
  5. spirochete (spiral) - periplasmic flagella
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25
Q

(BA) what is it called when rod is short and plump

A

coccobacillus

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26
Q

(BA) diplococcus arrangement

A

two cells

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27
Q

(BA) Streptococcus arrangement

A

variable number of cocci in chains

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28
Q

(BA) tetrad cocci arrangement

A

cocci in packets of four

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29
Q

(BA) irregular clusters - cocci arrangement and example

A

number of cells varies (ex. MRSA)

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30
Q

(BA) what are appendages divided into

A

two groups that provide motility (flagella and axial filaments) and attachments points (fimbriae, pili, and nanotubes/nanowires)

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31
Q

(BA) capacity of a cell to swim freely through an aqueous habitat

A

motility

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32
Q

(BA) helical structure composed of proteins

A

filament

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33
Q

(BA) Monotrichous meaning

A

With a single Flagellum

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34
Q

(BA) small bunches or tufts or flagella emerging from the same site

A

Lophotrichous

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35
Q

(BA) With flagella at both poles of the cell

A

Amphitrichous

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36
Q

(BA) flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

A

Peritrichous

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37
Q

(BA) Chemical Signals (A type of Behavior)

A

Chemotaxis

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38
Q

(BA) Type of internal Flagellum that is enclosed between which 2 structures

A

Periplasmic Flagella - between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane

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39
Q

bacterial surface appendages that provide some type of attachment

A

Pilus/Fimbriae

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40
Q

(BA) channels used for nutrient or energy exchange

A

Nanotubes/Nanowires

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41
Q

(BA) partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another

A

Conjugation

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42
Q

(BA) what prevents phagocytosis and makes more pathogens

A

capsule

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43
Q

encapsulated bacterial cells generally have greater what

A

disease-causing abilities

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44
Q

Bacteria that stain purple are called

A

gram-positive

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45
Q

Bacteria that stan red (really pink) are called

A

gram-negative

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46
Q

(BA) Different results in the Gram Stain are due to

A

differences in the agents applied to the cell

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47
Q

(BA) steps in the gram stain

A
  1. crystal violet
  2. gram’s iodine
  3. alcohol
  4. safranin (red dye)
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48
Q

(BA) The Gram-Negative Outer Membrane contains

A

specialized polysaccharides and proteins

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49
Q

(BA) each gram-negative outer membrane is a bilayer of

A

phospholipids

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50
Q

bacterial/archaea cytoplasmic membrane is a site for

A

energy reactions, nutrient processing, synthesis, transport regulation, discharge of waste

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51
Q

cell wall of eukaryotes compared to bacteria

A

different in chemical composition

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52
Q

the cell membrane of eukaryotes

A

Typical bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded

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53
Q

cell wall of eukaryotes is composed of

A

chitin and cellulose, outer layer of mixed glycans

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54
Q

sterols in eukaryotes cell membrane provide

A

stability to the membrane, important in cells that do not have cell wall

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55
Q

Cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes serve as

A

selectively permeable barriers

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56
Q

Most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

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57
Q

nuclear envelope (eukaryotes)

A

separates cell cytoplasm and nucleus

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58
Q

(eukaryotes) nuclear envelope is composed of

A

two parallel membranes (lipid bilayers) separated by narrow space

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59
Q

(eukaryotes) what migrates through the nuclear envelope pores

A

macromolecules

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60
Q

(eukaryotes) nucleolus is found in

A

nucleoplasm

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61
Q

(eukaryotes) nucleolus is a site of

A

ribosomal RNA synthesis

62
Q

(eukaryotes) nucleolus is a collection area for

A

ribosomal subunits

63
Q

(eukaryotes) chromatin is made of

A

linear DNA and histone proteins

64
Q

(eukaryotes) appendages for moving

A

cilia and flagella

65
Q

eukaryotic cilia are only found in

A

protozoa and certain animal cells

66
Q

(eukaryotes) outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment

A

glycocalyx

67
Q

(eukaryotes) internal structures of the nucleus

A

nucleolus and chromatin

68
Q

(eukaryotes) internal structures of endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

69
Q

(eukaryotes) where do ribosomes attach

A

surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

(eukaryotes) RER allows transport of materials from/to where

A

from nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell’s exterior

71
Q

(eukaryotes) closed tubular network without ribosomes

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

72
Q

(eukaryotes) smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in

A

nutrient processing and synthesis/storage of nonprotein macromolecules (such as lipids)

73
Q

(eukaryotes) internal structure of golgi apparatus

A

vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts ribosomes

74
Q

(eukaryotes) processing and shipping

A

golgi apparatus

75
Q

(eukaryotes) the site in the cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to their final destinations

A

golgi apparatus

76
Q

(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus consists of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called

A

cisternae

77
Q

(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus is always closely associated with

A

endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

(eukaryotes) vesicles - golgi apparatus

A

transitional vesicles
condensing vesicles

79
Q

(eukaryotes) transitional vesicles

A

vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum are picked up at the face of the Golgi apparatus

80
Q

(eukaryotes) where within golgi apparatus are proteins modified and how

A

transitional vesicles / within cisternae
by addition of polysaccharides and lipids

81
Q

(eukaryotes) condensing vesicles function

A

pinch off of the Golgi apparatus - conveyed to lysosomes or transported outside the cell

82
Q

(eukaryotes) lysosomes within GA - 3 functions

A

digestion of food, protection against invading microorganisms, removal of cell debris in damaged tissue

83
Q

(eukaryotes) Membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

A

vacuoles

84
Q

(eukaryotes) where are vacuoles found and why

A

in phagocytic cells in response to food and other substances that have been engulfed

85
Q

(eukaryotes) contents of a food vacuole are digested through a merger of a vacuole with

A

lysosome

86
Q

(eukaryotes) chloroplasts are found where

A

in algae and plant cells

87
Q

(eukaryotes) what is capable of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

88
Q

(eukaryotes) what produces oxygen gas as a by-product of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

89
Q

(eukaryotes) what resembles mitochondria but is larger, contains pigments and varies in shape

A

chloroplasts

90
Q

(eukaryotes) what is scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

A

ribosomes

91
Q

(eukaryotes) where do ribosomes attach

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

92
Q

(eukaryotes) ribosomes appear inside which 2 cells

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

93
Q

(eukaryotes) multiple ribosomes are often found arranged in short chains called

A

polyribosomes (polysomes)

94
Q

eukaryotic ribosome is 80S - a combination of

A

60S and 40S subunits ribonucleoprotein

95
Q

3 functions of eukaryotic cytoskeleton

A

anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape change and movement

96
Q

3 main types of eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements

A

actin filaments - long, thin strands
intermediate filaments - ropelike structures
microtubules - long, hollow tubes

97
Q

(eukaryotes) yeasts shape and reproduction

A

round to oval shape
asexual reproduction - budding

98
Q

(eukaryotes) what are hyphae and where are they found

A

long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi

99
Q

(eukaryotes) what is pseudohypha

A

chain of yeast cells

100
Q

(eukaryotes) some fungi can take either form. which means they are considered

A

dimorphic

101
Q

(eukaryotes) how many species of fungi can cause human disease

A

nearly 300

102
Q

(eukaryotes) 3 types of fungal disease in humans

A

community - enviromental pathogens
hospital - clinical settings
opportunistic - in weakened individuals

103
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi harmless spores can cause opportunistic infections in which patients

A

AIDS patients

104
Q

(eukaryotes) fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that can trigger

A

allergies

105
Q

(eukaryotes) toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can induce

A

neurological disturbance and death

106
Q

(eukaryotes) aspergillus flavus synthesizes a poison called xx which is lethal to xx

A

aflatoxin, lethal to animals who eat contaminated grain

107
Q

(eukaryotes) percentage of yearly fruit crop consumed by fungi

A

40%

108
Q

(eukaryotes) 4 benefits of fungi

A
  1. decomposing
  2. increase plant root ability to absorb water and nutrients
  3. medicine
  4. provide flavoring to food
109
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi nutrition types

A

heterotrophic
saprobic
parasitic

110
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi heterotrophic nutrition

A

acquire nutrition from a wide variety of organic substrates

111
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi saprobic nutrition

A

from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or water

112
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi parasitic nutrition

A

on the bodies of living animals or plants

113
Q

(eukaryotes) fungi are often found in

A

nutritionally poor or adverse environments, and those with high salt or sugar content

114
Q

(eukaryotes) cells of most microscopic fungi grow in

A

loose associations and colonies

115
Q

(eukaryotes) colonies of yeasts appearance

A

soft, uniform texture

116
Q

(eukaryotes) colonies of filamentous fungi appearance

A

cottony, hair, or velvety texture

117
Q

(eukaryotes) woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

A

mycelium

118
Q

(eukaryotes) septa in fungi allows flow of

A

organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments

119
Q

(eukaryotes) non septate hyphae consist of

A

one, long, continuous cell

120
Q

(eukaryotes) what is responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on a substrate

A

vegetative hyphae

121
Q

(eukaryotes) reproductive or fertile hyphae produce

A

spores

122
Q

(eukaryotes) asexual spore formation

A

sporangiospores
conidiospores (conidia)

123
Q

(eukaryotes) hyphae sporangiospores are formed by

A

cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore

124
Q

(eukaryotes) hyphae free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

A

conidiospores (conidia)

125
Q

(eukaryotes) hyphae sexual spore formation works by mixing of

A

DNA from two parent fungi

126
Q

(eukaryotes) protozoa name comes from

A

greek - “first animals”

127
Q

(eukaryotes) how many protozoa is there and what are they

A

12 000 species
inhabitants of soil and water - few are pathogens

128
Q

(eukaryotes) single cell containing all major eukaryotic organelles

A

protozoa

129
Q

(eukaryotes) protozoa cytoplasm is divided into two parts

A

ectoplasm (outer layer)
endoplasm (inner region)

130
Q

(eukaryotes) pseudopods

A

“false feet” - protozoa movement

131
Q

(eukaryotes) cell membrane of protozoa regulates what 3 things

A

food, wastes, secretion

132
Q

(eukaryotes) protozoa cell shape 2 types

A

constant (ciliates) or change constantly (amoebas)

133
Q

(eukaryotes) protozoans require food in a complex organic form which makes them

A

heterotrophic

134
Q

(eukaryotes) some protozoa have feeding structures such as

A

oral grooves

135
Q

(eukaryotes) some protozoans absorb food directly through

A

cell membrane

136
Q

(eukaryotes) main limiting factor for protozoa nutrition is

A

availability of moisture

137
Q

(eukaryotes) motile feeding stage of protozoans requiring ample food and moisture to stay active

A

trophozoite

138
Q

(eukaryotes) dormant, resting stage of protozoa when conditions in the environment become unfavorable

A

cyst

139
Q

(eukaryotes) all protozoa reproduce by

A

asexual mitotic cell division

140
Q

(eukaryotes) most but not all protozoa reproduce how

A

sexually (ciliates - two cells fuse and exchange micronuclei)

141
Q

(eukaryotes) helminths include

A

tapeworm, flukes, roundworms

142
Q

(eukaryotes) flatworm / phylum Platyhelminthes appearance and divison

A

thin, segmented body plan
divided into cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes)

143
Q

(eukaryotes) roundworms / phylum aschelminths appearance and other name

A

also called nematodes
elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented

144
Q

(eukaryotes) the most developed organ in helminths is

A

reproductive tract

145
Q

(eukaryotes) complete life cycle of helminth includes

A

fertilized egg, larval, adult stages

146
Q

(eukaryotes) nematodes appearance of sexes

A

sexes are separate and different in appearance

147
Q

(eukaryotes) trematodes appearance of sexes

A

separate or hermaphroditic

148
Q

(eukaryotes) cestodes appearance of sexes

A

generally hermaphroditic

149
Q

(eukaryotes) the host in which the larva of helminth develops is knows as

A

secondary host (intermediate)

150
Q

(eukaryotes) adulthood and mating of the helminth happens where

A

in definitive (final) host

151
Q

(eukaryotes) intermediate helminth host that experiences no parasitic development

A

transport host

GBIO205 - Microbiology (8 decks)

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