Quiz 4 Flashcards
What is false memory?
False memory is when people mistake suggestions by an interviewer(scientists, policemen or therapist, for example) as actual memories
What is case based reasoning?
Artificial intelligence paradigm that reasons about what to do by retrieving similar cases from memory
What is AI used for in medicine?
“Some of the earlier AI programs were made to diagnose patients. They are expert systems(AIs intended to mimic the behavior of human experts)
Used for:
Diagnosis
Medical information retrieval
Image recognition and interpretation”
“Why is the ““Homo Economicus”” view on economics flawed?
A - It assumes that humans act rationally, which they don’t
B - It doesn’t consider artificial intelligence and their capability to trade
C - It’s simply too old to be effective”
a
True or False. Playing chess is easy for an AI
True. Playing chess as an AI is really easy since it’s a limited environment
How is cog sci used in visual analytics?
“Using computer visualisation to help analysts understand data
Visualising data that you don’t understand”
How is cog sci used in virtual reality?
When waking forward in the game people think they’re waking in a straight line in real life. In reality though the camera is shifting slightly to make them walk in a circle
“What is case-based reasoning?
A - Implanting memories by exercising the imagination
B - Used by developers to determine best user interface
C - Deciding what actions to take based off of similar situations in memory
D - The learnability aspect of human-computer interaction”
C
“What is George Lakoff’s metaphor theory?
A - Consistent use of metaphors improves efficiency of the prefrontal cortex
B - Abstract concepts are thought of by means of more basic concepts
C - The idea that an entity is more conscious if it is capable of forming metaphors”
B
“I tell you that, three days ago, you stole a candy bar from me. You don’t remember this happening because it didn’t. I wait a week, and ask you for that candy bar back. You remember having stolen the candy bar and buy me a new one. What fact about human memory did I rely on for my scam?
A. HCI
B. Behavioral memory
C. Implanted remembrance
D. False Memory”
D
“You design a system that allows a neurologist to understand and think rationally about the brain scans of chimps even though you understand nothing about the brain. What field are you participating in?
A. HCI
B. Inter-disciplinary aid
C. Visual analytics
D. Descriptive Statistics”
c
“You travel back in time to 42,000 years ago today. You discover that one particular part of culture still exists. Which part of culture is it?
A. HCI
B. Pinkerton learning
C. Wind instruments”
c
“You are debating a professor in Cognitive Science about the degree to which humans are superior to AI. He believes that humans are entirely inferior, but you beg to differ. What challenge should you offer the AI that, with current technology, it could not possibly beat?
A. You challenge it to a stock trading game. Whoever makes the most money trading on the market after a month wins.
B. You challenge it to try and beat you in a game of league of legends.
C. You challenge it to search your favorite website for your best friend faster than you can.
D. You challenge it to debate you instead of the professor.
“
D
How is music used in culture?
“Social bonding
Emotion regulation
Mother-infant interaction
Healing(Helps regulate dopamine)
Religion
Aesthetic experiences(it’s fun)
“
What is the evidence towards music being evolved?
“Ancient (found ivory pipes from 42000 BC)
Cross cultural
Triggers emotions”
What is the evidence against music being evolved?
Music does not predict mating success
Looking at 10k twins, no effect of music on:
Number of partners
Age of first intercourse
Number of offspring
What is robin dunbar’s social bonding theory?
“Social bonding replaced grooming
Used to form alliances
Synchronized movement releases endorphins
Listening releases opioids
And serotonin and dopamine
“
What is the coalition signaling theory?
“Theorized by hagen and bryant
Evolved from coordinated territorial defense signals
Mated birds sing together to protect territory
Coyotes howl at periphery
Only in packs, never alone
“
What is the relationship between language and music?
“All brains react the same way to a violation in syntax(measured through a cap on the scalp). The way it reacts is called a P600
P600 is also found for chord violations
Suggests that P600 is not language specific
“
Why are pitches considered to be high or low?
Frequencies / wavelengths
Why is upward motion associated with goodness?
“Sounds beautiful
Extract it from our daily life. Being in the clouds
“
What does darwin’s sexual selection theory say for music?
“Music is like a peacock’s tail
It is used to attract mates along with dancing
It is a signal of intelligence, health, etc.
Bird songs are used in courtship
“
True or false: Music can completely change the tone of something
True. Ex. star wars with love music
True or false: Music memory is dissociable
“True. A cellist lost memory following encephalitis
Lost memory in many things but not of music”
How does speech turn into a song?
“After a bunch of repetitions the speech sounds like music
As you listen to something multiple times you fully understand the meaning and no longer pay attention to it
You then notice other parts of it(like the beat)
You pay attention to details of language you would not otherwise pay attention to”
True or false: people can hear lyrics where there are none in music
“People can hear lyrics in a giant cluster of notes
Your brain is only able to recognize the vocals once you know what the vocals and lyrics are
If you don’t know the song you won’t hear the lyrics until you listen to it once normally”
“If someone sees music as a ““spandrel””, do they think believe is evolved?
A - Yes, they believe humans evolved because it is beneficial to survival and reproduction
B - No, they believe music is a byproduct of many other evolved traits”
B
“Which one of these is an example of evidence against evolved music?
A - Music does not bring people together as much as others might think
B - Musicality doesn’t affect how successful a person’s sex life is
C - Music scares away dinosaurs which is bad because evolutionarily we want to keep them as pets
D - Listening to music isn’t something that species closely related to us do.”
B
“In which of these examples does P600 does not activate in the brain?
A - Listening to a loud, abrupt sound
B - Hearing someone say something grammatically incorrect
C - Listening to a dissonant (bad sounding) chord”
A
“What are motheries?
A - Common nursery rhymes that parents teach their children
B - Raising your tone and elongating your words when talking to babies
C - Habits that primarily mothers pick up in the first few years of parenthood.”
B
What do compelling experiences do?
“Draw our attention
Hold our attention(movie)
Make us desire to repeat the experience(music)
Make us have positive associations with the experience(it doesn’t have to be positive though)
We feel they are important(news)
We have a desire to understand them
If they are facts or explanations we are more likely to believe them for non-rational reasons
“
What 5 things explain a great deal of what we find compelling?
“We are interested in social status and our place in it
We are compelled to believe things we particularly hope or fear are true
We are attracted to patterns
We are drawn to achieve goals, solve puzzles and resolve contradictions
Our biological natures and psychological biases introduce a host of constraints on what we find compelling
“
Why are we wired to think socially?
“It helped our ancestors
An understanding of the social atmosphere gives someone a competitive advantage
“
What makes gossip juicy?
“Losing status is juicier than gaining status
People changing in the social hierarchy
If a teacher gains status then the hierarchy won’t change and its not juicy. If he loses status he gets closer to the students and it becomes juicy
With university and high school students the story of the high school student doing well gets repeated since they get closer to the university students
“
What are the aspects of a juicy story?
“Always malevolent beings
Inside information
Revealed the truth
“
What do conspiracy theories tend to be about?
Conspiracy theories are always about people and their secrets
What does news tend to be about?
Tend to be about people or things affecting people
Why do we like landscapes?
“Looking from high up feels good since it helped our ancestors
Animals, water, high up
The people who liked them survived so now we like them
“
Why do we like looking at beautiful people?
People who are beautiful tend to have healthier kids
Why do we look at fail videos?
Fail videos we look at so we don’t make the same mistake in the future
How much fear or hope should something have to make it compelling?
A lot of fear or a lot of hope work but in the middle is dull or dead
When are urban legends more likely to spread?
More likely to be spread if cautionary tales
Why do people believe bad science?
“We are incredibly easy to scare(ex. Vaccines causing disease)
We are suckers for hope(quark remedies)
It’s easier to start believing than to stop believing
“
What do religions do when they are proven wrong?
“When religions are proven wrong then they try to recruit more people
When your point of view is threatened you get people around you to believe it to fight back
“
Why is it hard to stop conspiracy theories?
Any disconfirming evidence is taken to be further evidence of a cover up
Why do we like seeing patterns?
“We are intrinsically rewarded for finding regularity in our world
Seeing how the world works helps survival
“
True or false: changing a font color to something easier to read makes it more believable
True.
What is the false fame effect?
participants falsely identify previously studied (old) non famous names as famous. Apparently, participants are misled by the familiar sound of old non famous names
What is the exposure effect?
people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
What are fractals?
Repetitions of a pattern you saw at higher levels in lower levers
Why are things that are easier to understand more compelling?
Things that are easy to understand require less processing. Such things are perceived as more clear, pleasant, loud, longer, recent, less risky, attractive and truthful
True or false: long quotations are more believable
False. Quotations are more believable if they are concise
What is the “sweet spot” for compellingness with incongruity?
“Too much pattern bores us because we understand it too well
Too much incongruity bores us because we think it’s incomprehensible
The sweet spot is tantalizing, hinting at hidden patterns we can find
Even science fiction and fantasy can’t get too weird. Most of the stories take place in areas very similar to earth”
True or false: putting a wall in a room that blocks stuff make people enter that room
True. Putting walls in a room makes people enter the room because they don’t know what’s behind the wall. When you can’t see around the corner you’re more drawn in
What do we find funny?
We find something funny when it appears to violate our understanding but it turns out it’s okay(nothing scary or hurtful) (Benign violation)
True or false: We love quotations with apparent contradictions
True.
Why do we have morality?
“Evolved to have morality to help take care of the people in our groups but not necessarily the people outside our groups
Groups that have more internal cohesion outlived the other groups so now we have morality”
How do we know morality is evolved?
“In general evolved and well learned behaviors work faster than deliberate ones
When you force people to play a prisoner’s dilemma game quickly, they are more likely to cooperate with the other prisoner
Both prisoners have an options to cooperate with their other partner and not say anything to the police or to sell out their partner for a reduced sentence
When its slower and they have more time to think they sell out their partner overriding their morality”
What is the tragedy of the commons?
individual users, acting independently according to their own self-interest, behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling the shared resource through their collective action
What are the parts of the expanding circle?
“1) Self interest: I care about myself and my family
All animals have instincts for gene-preservation(with exceptions)
2) Friendship: I care for historical cooperation partners
3) Tribalism: I care about us, but not them
4) I care about all people or creatures that can have positive experiences”
Why is flicking a switch more distant than hurting someone with a knife?
We didn’t evolve to handle it since switches used to not exist
What is haidt’s moral foundation theory
“Our moral senses are defined on a line between two things
Care / harm
- Helping and hurting
Liberty / oppression
- Letting someone do something they want to do and oppressing them
Authority / subversion
- Doing something someone tells you to do and undermining authority
Fairness / cheating
Loyalty / betrayal
- You bond with other people
Sanctity / degradation
- Idea that the universe has a higher level and you should not violate that(tends to be in religion)”
How do we judge people who disgust us?
“People who disgust us we judge more harshly for purity related moral infractions
Such as keeping your cubicle clean
Vs not tipping a server
“
What is moral dumbfounding?
occurs when a person makes a moral judgment in a particular situation, admits to being unable to adequately defend that judgment or decision with reasons and arguments, but still remains obstinately and steadfastly committed to that initial judgment
“You imagine a hypothetical scenario. In the first case, you are asked if you have a moral obligation to push a button given someone will die if you do not push it. In the second case, you are asked to rip open a cadaver, remove its lungs, and extract a tablet who you must destroy in order to save someones life. Why is it that the second of these two scenarios might be considered to be morally wrong, though will not necessarily be considered morally wrong, by more right leaning people?
A. Because of priming, the way I’ve contrasted these questions is intentionally misleading you to answer a certain way that will be more effective given some assumptions about the opinions of conservatives and liberals.
B. Fear of primal nature, there is an extent to which the primal is feared more by conservative people than by liberal people.
C. Jonathan Haidt’s sanctity/degradation foundation, conservatives as a body are more receptive to the idea of the sanctity of a corpse than liberals as a body.”
C
“Your friend considers the question of animal ethics, particularly how they might justify killing and eating an animal. After a line of questioning on the topic, they shut down and refuse to engage with the question. What has happened?
A. P600.
B. Moral Dumb Founding.
C. Front Thinking Collapse.
D. Identity cascade.”
B
What are the problems on the decline?
“War and torture
Crime
Starvation
Disease
Short life span
Inequality
“
What are problems on the rise?
“Environmental damage
Social capital(peoples close relationships with one another)
“
What does all problems are intellectual mean?
“The reason we can’t solve all problems is because we don’t know how to do it(the problem is the problem itself)
Figuring out how to do it requires thinking and problem solving
Guess what field is best suited to study thinking and problem solving
Wow its cog sci
“
What are ways AI is better than us?
“Stock trading
Arithmetic and statistics
Scheduling
Search engines and aggregating
Many games
“
What are ways we are better than AIs?
“Language
Physical movement
creativity(arts, science, etc.)
Science
Social interaction
Vision
Many games
Most everyday tasks, etc.
“
True or False: AIs can also be used as tools to make humans more effective
True.
How did we evolve to perceive something as “real”
“Solid things are mostly empty space
The nucleus of an atom is like a fly in a stadium
We see them as solid because that’s how we interact with them. Our hands don’t go through rocks
“
What is the “middle world”
Things we can see that are not too big, fast, slow or small. Just fast enough and big enough that we can comprehend them
True or False: your atoms don’t change
“False. You are not your atoms
Your atoms change every 7 years but we still perceive it as “you””
What is our perception of time?
“We understand the concept of a day and a seasonal cycle but a creature that lives for only a day would not be able to comprehend these
Similarly we can’t understand things that happen very slowly or very quickly
Trees, stars and grass appear to all be immobile to us
Time dilation due to relativity seems weird since we move slowly and it only happens in a quick speed
“
