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CGSC 1001 > Quiz 1 (lesson 2) > Flashcards

Quiz 1 (lesson 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

the faculty of the brain by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action

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2
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Short term memory is a temporary store. Some things from it end up becoming long term memories. STM holds things you are actively thinking about

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3
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Like a sketch pad(for vision) or a bit of recording tape(for hearing) that can be overwritten with new things. Processes info gathered through the five senses

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4
Q

How long does sensory memory hold things?

A

It is rewritten every few seconds by new perceptions

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5
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Things in long term memory are probably stored here forever. However we might have trouble with retrieving it

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6
Q

How long does short term memory hold things?

A

Things stay in STM for an estimated 2 days to 20 years

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7
Q

What is working memory?

A

Stuff you pull out of the filing cabinet of long term memory for use

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8
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Declarative memory, or explicit memory, consists of facts and events that can be explicitly stored and consciously recalled or “declared.”. Ex. Justin trudeau is the prime minister of Canada

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9
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Semantic and Episodic memory

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10
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which is essential for the use and understanding of language. General knowledge of the world & Facts

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11
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Episodic memory is the memory of everyday events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places; for example, the party on one’s 7th birthday. Where someone parked their car

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12
Q

What is implicit knowledge?

A

Implicit knowledge is knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it. ex what an iphone looks like

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13
Q

What is procedural knowledge?

A

Procedural knowledge is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task. Ex. how to tie a shoe. Can do but might not be able to explain (type of implicit knowledge)

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14
Q

Why do old people have trouble remembering things?

A

Old people have trouble with remembering things because there’s so much stuff in their long term memory that they get interference

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15
Q

What is a cognitive system?

A

a system capable of cognition

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16
Q

What is a system?

A

a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network

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17
Q

What is cognition?

A

There’s no one answer to what cognition is, it’s a definitional answer. In this class we say that cognition is the manipulation of representations

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18
Q

What are representations?

A

Something that is used in place of the real thing. Sometimes there’s not even a real thing

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19
Q

What is distributed cognition?

A

Distributed among several things. No one person/entity has all the information. Like the brain where there’s a bunch of different parts that all serve different functions(although that doesn’t mean that its distributed cognition or else everything would be. Ex. a person constructing a house writes where stuff is supposed to go using a blueprint. Note its not using a tool(using a map to get around somewhere is not distributed cognition)(understanding vs using). Both things should be interacting with each other

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20
Q

What is disembodied software?

A

Software running somewhere but the body doesn’t matter(probably in a server room). Ex. Amazon’s recommendation system. Perceives user input and updates its database. Then displays something to the user’s screen based on its database

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21
Q

What are (cognitive) artifacts?

A

Man-made things that seem to aid or enhance our cognitive abilities. Some examples are calendars, calculators, whiteboards, to-do lists, computers, or simply tying a string around your finger as a reminder

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22
Q

What do robots use to perceive things?

A

Sensors

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23
Q

What do robots use to do actions?

A

Actuators

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24
Q

What do animals use to perceive things?

A

Senses

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25
Q

What do animals use to do actions?

A

Body

26
Q

What do actions do?

A

Turns desires to act into physical changes in the environment

27
Q

What does perception do?

A

Transforms things in the environment into internal representations

28
Q

“Which is an example of distributed cognition?
a) An architect student doodling on a page.
b) A construction worker writing notes on a blueprint to construct a house.
c) A student browsing reddit on his computer.”

A

b

29
Q

“You and your homeboy go on a field trip to Great Britain but you remember eating on the plane and he doesn’t. What kind of memory is this?
- Semantic Memory.
- Episodic Memory
- Implicit Knowledge”

A

episodic memory

30
Q

What is learning?

A

changing memory with the purpose of preparing a system for better action in the future

31
Q

What is practice?

A

Doing something over and over and learning how to do it better. It uses reinforcement and punishment to hone the skill. Play is theorized to be a form of practice for the future(chasing, fighting, caretaking, manipulating objects, etc.)

32
Q

What is automation?

A

Things that you practice so much that they become automatic, with you being able to perform them with little to no thought. Examples of this is walking, driving, breathing, tying shoes and motor skills

33
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Learning that happens by observing another individual do something. E.g. copying michael jackson dance moves on youtube. Must of cultural learning is observational bt some is explicitly taught. Some have tried to get robots to do this

34
Q

What is sensitization?

A

When a behavioral response is amplified by repeated exposure to a stimulus. Ex. at first you can barely hear a vibrating phone in your pocket but eventually you become very sensitive to it

35
Q

What is habituation?

A

The diminution of a behavioral response with repeated stimulation. Ex. the first time you hear a loud noise you might jump but afterwards you stop jumping(if it happens again). When you see things again and again you don’t react as strongly to it. (also known as desensitization)

36
Q

What is imprinting?

A

A time sensitive learning in an animal that is insensitive to behavioral outcomes. E.g. a goose learning who its mother is happens 13-16 hours after hatching. You can’t change it once it’s there. Imprinting lasts forever

37
Q

What is testimony?

A

When somebody tells you something. E.g. how to start a web browser or that orcas are mammals. It can be read or heard aloud. We can get facts by figuring them out but this is better described as reasoning or interference

38
Q

What is mentorship?

A

A combination of observational, testimony & practice. We learn from others and can teach each other. E.g. learning how to cook. Youtube can’t fix your errors but mentorship can

39
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Changing behavior according to reward and punishment

40
Q

What are the four types of operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement and negative punishment

41
Q

Someone smiles at you when you hold the door for them. Which type of conditioning is this?

A

Positive reinforcement

42
Q

A baby screams and then stops when you give it candy. Which type of conditioning is this?

A

Negative reinforcement

43
Q

You get burned by touching the hood of a car. Which type of conditioning is this?

A

Positive punishment

44
Q

Your parents cut off your allowance due to you lying. Which type of conditioning is this?

A

Negative punishment

45
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning to associate two previously unrelated stimuli

46
Q

Meeting someone, being reminded of someone else and then reacting similarly to how you would react to that original person. Which type of conditioning is this?

A

Classical conditioning

47
Q

What does the hippocampus appear to be important for?

A

The hippocampus appears to be important for transforming short term memories into long term memories(If it’s damaged you lose the ability to generate more)

48
Q

Where does procedural memory appear to happen

A

Procedural memory appears to happen in the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and the motor cortex

49
Q

True or false: We don’t know where long term memories are stored

A

True.

50
Q

What is genetic learning?

A

When environments change very slowly then the species has an opportunity to evolve to accommodate that change. If it happens too quickly then it’s not possible(has to last longer than a few generations)

51
Q

What is cultural learning?

A

The culture itself learns over time. When the environment changes relatively quickly

52
Q

What are the three cultural learning biases?

A

content, prestige and conformist

53
Q

What is content bias?

A

Imitating the best ideas

54
Q

What is prestige bias?

A

Imitating the most successful

55
Q

What is conformist bias?

A

Imitating the most common ways of doing things

56
Q

True or false: Cultures are subject to natural selection?

A

True.

57
Q

What does substrate-neutral mean?

A

The power of the process is due to its logical structure, not the properties of the materials involved in this particular occurence

58
Q

“What is an example of negative punishment?
a) Your parents take away your computer because you spend too much time on it.
b) You get arrested for a DUI but the cop gives you alcohol.
c) You get injured during a basketball game but you keep on playing.”

A

a

59
Q

“What is an example of a testimonial learning?
- You read lecture notes from your professor.
- You watch games of hockey to learn plays
- You listen to the debate between Trump and Biden.”

A

You read lecture notes from your professor.

60
Q

“What is an example of positive reinforcement?
Your grandma gives you candy because you got a good mark on your test.
Your boyfriend breaks up with you because you were too nice.
The school kid gives you his lunch money because you bullied him.”

A

Your grandma gives you candy because you got a good mark on your test.

61
Q

“Which is an example of positive punishment?
Brushing your teeth to keep your teeth clean.
Keying your boss’s car because they fired you.
You stop skipping school because you get detention”

A

You stop skipping school because you get detention

62
Q

Which is the most effective form of opererant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcement

CGSC 1001 (13 decks)

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