Quiz 2 (lesson 13)

Question 1

What is anchoring?

Answer 1

“Using something as a base to compare something else to

The anchor is what you compare to when you evaluate
Restaurants will put a very expensive item on the menu to make the others look reasonable
What is a good life in ottawa? What about the congo?
Comparing movie stars and saying one is ugly using other movie stars as an anchor when in reality they are usually all above average”

Question 2

What is the contrast effect / context effect?

Answer 2

the tendency to mentally upgrade or downgrade an object when comparing it to a contrasting object

Question 3

What is the bangwagon effect?

Answer 3

“The bandwagon effect: Believing something is true because everyone else around you believes the same thing.
This is why cults try to keep you from talking to other people outside the cult. They keep you in a perpetual bandwagon effect
“

Question 4

What is the herd instinct?

Answer 4

“Herd instinct: believing what everyone else does to avoid social conflict
Ex. someone being vegan because their boyfriend is
“

Question 5

What is the hostile media effect?

Answer 5

“When you watch the news you tend to think they are hostile to your political views

When showing people on both sides of the political spectrum the same news they both said it was going against them”

Question 6

What is the endowment effect / loss aversion?

Answer 6

“People will demand more to give up an object than they were willing to pay to get it
Once you own an object you find it more valuable
Stores have generous return policies. (why dont you buy it you can always return it later). People end up not bringing it back
People will pay more or put in more effort to avoid losing something than they would to gain an equivalent good
“

Question 7

What is temporal discounting?

Answer 7

We value things in the future less than things now

Question 8

What is the moral credential effect?

Answer 8

“Thinking of yourself as having acted morally in the past can make you allow yourself to behave badly
People will compensate to reach an equilibrium in many cases
Also called self licensing or moral licensing
People who wrote an essay against racism were less likely to give money to a panhandler afterwards
“

Question 9

What is risk compensation?

Answer 9

People will put themselves more at risk if they feel safer

Question 10

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 10

“You accept, seek out and remember things that support your views.
You also interpret things in a way that support your views

Seeing confirmation bias everywhere is also confirmation bias
“

Question 11

What is negativity bias?

Answer 11

“People pay more attention to negative information
Perhaps because it has been more important in our evolutionary history
People remember dangerous things more
Seeing dangerous things in more normal things
“

Question 12

What is omission bias?

Answer 12

“We think that doing harm is worse than not doing something that has an equal amount of harm
People think killing someone is worse than letting them die”

Question 13

What is outcome bias?

Answer 13

“Judging a decision based on what ended up happening rather than on the information available at the decision making time
Is it right to punish a drunk driver who kills someone more than a drunk driver who got lucky”

Question 14

What is planning fallacy?

Answer 14

“We underestimate how long it will take us to complete tasks in the future
Makes it easy for us to overbook ourselves
Unexpected things happen. Since we don’t know what they will be we don’t expect them to happen
“

Question 15

What is wishful thinking?

Answer 15

“Believing something because you want it to be true
- ex. Innocence of someone you care about”

Question 16

What is the availability heuristic?

Answer 16

“Assuming that things that are most easily brought to memory are more common or probable
A problem with this is that emotional and vivid things are more easily brought to memory
When the news shows you only murders you tend to think that murders are more common than they are
“

Question 17

What is the base rate neglect?

Answer 17

If presented with related base rate information (ex. general information on prevalence) and specific information (ex. information pertaining only to a specific case), people tend to ignore the base rate in favor of the individuating information, rather than correctly integrating the two

Question 18

What is the belief bias?

Answer 18

“Tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausibility of their conclusion rather than how strongly they support that conclusion

You are biased to believe the answer is rational if you agree with the conclusion
“

Question 19

What is the confunction fallacy?

Answer 19

“The belief that the conjunction of two things together is more common that either one of them
What is more common, a person wearing birkenstocks or a hippie wearing birkenstocks.
The hippie group has to be smaller since the other group includes it but people think its bigger”

Question 20

What is the gamblers fallacy?

Answer 20

When flipping a coin over and over if you get a bunch of heads in a row you think you’re due for a tails. Ignores that each flip is independant. In reality all combinations are the same probability.

Question 21

What is the hot hand effect?

Answer 21

believe that things will repeat(ex. Sports wins)

Question 22

What is pareidolia?

Answer 22

Pareidolia is the tendency for incorrect perception of a stimulus as an object, pattern or meaning known to the observer, such as seeing shapes in clouds, seeing faces in inanimate objects or abstract patterns, or hearing hidden messages in music

Question 23

What is clustering illusion?

Answer 23

The clustering illusion is the tendency to erroneously consider the inevitable “streaks” or “clusters” arising in small samples from random distributions to be non-random. Peoples ideas of random are too random

Question 24

What is illusiory correlation?

Answer 24

illusory correlation is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists

Question 25

What are the primacy and recency effects?

Answer 25

“We remember the beginnings and endings of things better than the individual parts
If there’s 10 presentations you tend to remember the first one and the last one”

Question 26

What is the just world phenomenon?

Answer 26

“tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
If you think the world is ultimately a just place you will have a tendency to look at reasons to blame victims of inexplicable injuries
“

Question 27

What is the actor-observer bias?

Answer 27

“tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

The tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of stable traits
And to explain one’s own actions in terms of reactions to the situation
“

Question 28

“Which situation describes ““moral credential effect”” the best?

A) assuming something is true because everyone believes in it
B) People will compensate to reach a moral equilibrium
C)Images will appear more different when viewed simultaneously
D)Underestimating how long something will take”

Answer 28

b

Question 29

“Max tells his daughter to wear a bike helmet every single time she goes for a bike ride to prevent her from crashing and dying. This might backfire because of….
a) risk compensation
b) the hostel media effect
c) outcome bias
d) wishful thinking “

Answer 29

a

Question 30

“Jane loves calculators produced by BigX. Recently, BigX was shown to be engaging in slavery to produce the materials used for their products.
Upon hearing about this, Jane immediately disbelieves the report and begins searching for information that shows the opposite. What bias is currently influencing Jane?
a) Moral licensing
b) Availability
c) Confirmation
d) Pareidolia”

Answer 30

c