Quiz 1 (lesson 4) Flashcards
What is perception?
The process by which agents interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the world. From a cognitive science perspective, it means turning information from one form into new, meaningful representations. Overriding memory of an object as we perceive it. We perceive things through our sensory modalities then turn those into representations of the objecs themselves in our brain
What is echolocation?
A technique used by bats, dolphins and other animals to determine the location of objects(spatial information) using reflected sound(echo). This allows the animals to move around in pitch darkness, so they can navigate, hunt, identify friends and enemies, and avoid obstacles. Also known as biosonar
Can humans use echolocation?
Yes, Humans can also use echolocation if trained enough as shown by the boy who sees without eyes
What is olfaction(smell)
The process of creating the perception of smell. It occurs when an odor binds to a receptor within the nose, transmitting a signal through the olfactory system. Its the detection of chemicals
True or false: There is a clear energy continnum for smell
False. There is no clear energy continuum for smell as there is for light and sound waves
True or false: There are some similar chemicals that smell different and different chemicals that smell the same
True.
True or false: Much of what we taste is actually smell
True. This is why food tends to taste bland when you have a stuffy nose
What is audition?
The process of creating the perception of sound. Acoustical energy(sound waves) vibrate the eardrums(in air) or bones(underwater or through your own body)(as when you hear your voice)
How does audition work?
The pinna reflects sound into ears. It goes into the tympanic membrane which vibrates and turns it into neural signals.
How is localization done?
Localization is done by examining the differences between the sounds in the two ears, somewhat like how depth is done with binocular vision
How is smell used for animal communication?
Territory, Fertility and Ant pheromone traces(food this way)
What is gustation(taste)?
Taste is the perception produced or stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue.
How long do chemical receptors in the taste buds last for?
Chemical receptors in taste buds last for a week or two then wear out
What are some of the flavours the tongue detects?
The tongue detects flavors such as salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami(savoury)
Which receptors react to spicy foods?
Pain receptors react to spicy food
True or false: The experience of food is very complex
True. The experience of food is very complex, involving feel, temperature, taste smell and pain
What is haptics(touch)?
Perception of objects. Critical for manipulation of objects, particularly in combination with proprioception
Where are the haptic sensors?
In the skin
What is Interoception
Interoception is a lesser-known sense that helps you understand and feel what’s going on inside your body. Kids who struggle with the interoceptive sense may have trouble knowing when they feel hungry, full, hot, cold or thirsty. Having trouble with this sense can also make self-regulation a challenge
What are atypical senses?
Senses inside your body. Include senses in the bowel, stomach, pain receptors, heat receptors, etc.
What is the vestibular system?
A sensory system(in the ear) responsible for providing our brain with information about motion, head position, and spatial orientation; it also is involved with motor functions that allow us to keep our balance, stabilize our head and body during movement, and maintain posture
What is proprioception?
How you know where your body parts are. The awareness of joint position. Without looking at your feet you know where they are. Sensors for this is in the inner ear and in muscles
What is kinesthesia?
How you know how your body parts are moving. Sensors for this is in the inner ear and in muscles
What is the perceptual modality for light
Vision
What is the perceptual modality for air vibrations(sound)
Audition(Hearing) and echolocation
What is the perceptual modality for physical pressure
Haptics(Touch)
What is the perceptual modality for chemicals
Taste & Olfaction
What is the perceptual modality for body position
Kinesthetics and proprioception
What is change blindness?
The iconic memory(visual sensory memory) updates in a certain amount of time and if the delay between is long enough you can’t take advantage of it. If you look away from a scene for awhile then look back at the scene you won’t notice changes unless you were focused on that part of the scene
Why do humans get motion sickness?
Motion sickness is a difference in what you see and you vestibular system feels(ears). (We evolved to puke because body feels it has been poisoned. Boats rocking, eyes don’t see it but vestibular system does
Why do people eat more bland food when pregnant
When pregnant if something feels dangerous for the fetus you throw up
What is the (discredited) extramission theory?
Rays of light emanating from the eye in combination with light in the world allows us to see
What is the remnant of the extramission theory?
The salute. Symbolic protecting of your eyes from the intense rays of the person you’re saluting
What is the intramission theory?
Visual perception is accomplished by rays of light reflected from objects into the eyes. Wavelengths get absorbed and the remaining ones show color. Color is reflected light
What are rods?
Rods are responsible for your peripheral vision. They are the most light sensitive photoreceptor cells in the retina(night vision). 100 times more sensitive than cones. Information is received from pooling from many rod cells resulting in a loss of vision acuity. Convergence of information makes peripheral vision sensitive to movement. You see things that your eye can later focus on. Ex. you can see a test but just looking at the center of it but can’t actually read it
What are cones?
Cones are responsible for your central vision. They are parts of your eye capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity. Works best in bright light, fewer cone cells exist for peripheral vision. Theres three types: Correspond to short wavelengths(blue) Medium wavelengths(green) Long wavelengths(red)
True or false: everyone has three types of cones
False. Most people have three types but theres some women who have four and can see more colors
What is visual acuity
Visual acuity refers to your ability to discern the shapes and details of the things you see.
What are the ways we can tell depth perception?
Size, Perspective, Occulusion, (Texture, Shading, Saturation), Focus and Multiple Images. The mnemonic for this is SPOT FM
True or false: moving helps with seeing depth
True. Moving around helps alot with seeing depth. Computers have a hard time seeing depth with pictures but have an easier time with video
True or false: When you lose an eye you can move one eye back and forth to simulate binocular vision
True.
What new depth perception indicator is added with “3D” movies?
Binocular vision(multiple images)
How does size help with depth perception?
It allows you to know how big things are and allows you to contexualize something compared to the things around it
How does occlusion help with depth perception?
It lets you know if something is behind something else(ex. standing behind a podium)
How does texture, shading and saturation help with depth perception?
As things move into the distance they are more blue and less saturated due to the atmosphere. Closer things are more saturated
How does perspective help with depth perception
It shows things as smaller as they get farther away
How does focus help with depth perception?
If you know you have to focus on something a different way it tells you if it’s closer or further away(the act of focusing tells)
How do multiple images help with depth perception?
Each eye sees slightly different spatial information and transmits these differences to the brain. The brain then uses the discrepancies between the two eyes to judge distance and depth
Why do people wear an eyepatch when they damage an eye?
When you damage an eye you wear an eyepatch over the strong eye so it doesn’t take over. This allows the weaker/damaged eye to develop
True or false: you can know where something it but not what it is and vice versa
True.
What is the pandemonium model of perception?
consists of demons that represent certain neurons. All the primitive things they do collect into more advanced perceptions
What is the neural network perception?
Pixels are more active if something is in the space. These collect and the thing after it collects that’s chosen is based on what’s more active(if its a 3 then the 3 will have more active pixels than the 4)
What is the template matching perception?
Comparing things perceived to images of things. If it matches that’s what it is(this isn’t how it works for animals). Weights of answers change based on if its right/wrong until it gets it right most of the time
What is the dorsal steam?
“Where” pathway; associated with motion, representation of object locations and control of the eyes and arms, especially when visual information is used to guide saccades or reaching
What is the ventral stream?
“What” pathway; associated with form recognition and object representation. It is also associated with storage of long term memory
“when standing behind a tree, we know that the tree is in front because of what?
a. haptics
b. occlusion
c. perspective”
b
“what perceptual modality represents physical pressure?
a. olfaction
b. haptics/kinesthetics
c. vision”
b
