Quiz 3: water and salt pt 2

Question 1

Which of the following compartments
contains the greatest volume of water?

Answer 1

intracellular

Question 2

The greatest proportion of sodium in an average diet
in US is derived from ________.

Answer 2

sodium salts in processed foods

Question 3

Which of the following foods exhibits the highest
content of potassium?

Answer 3

vegetables

Question 4

The electrogenic transport of sodium in the apical
(luminal) membrane of the enterocyte, which is mainly
active in colon, is carried out by ________.

Answer 4

epithelial sodium channel (eNaC)

Question 5

In normal subjects consuming an average
American diet, what percentage of ingested sodium,
potassium and chloride is absorbed in the intestine?

Answer 5

> 85%

Question 6

Which of the following are the most abundant ions
found in the extracellular compartment?

Answer 6

Na and Cl

Question 7

In the mechanism of action potential in
excitable cells, during depolarization ____________.

Answer 7

sodium channels open, potassium closed

Question 8

All of the following are a functions of chloride (Cl-)
EXCEPT ______.

Answer 8

• main anion in the extracellular fluid
• phagocytosis of pathogens in white cells
• maintenance of gastric acid secretion
• exchange anion for HCO3 (bicarbonate) in red
  blood cells

Question 9

main site of electrolyte regulation

what plays a minor role?

Answer 9

kidney!

intestine plays a minor role

Question 10

human kidneys are poised to conserve __ and excrete __

Answer 10

human kidneys are poised to conserve sodium and excrete potassium

Question 11

kidney responds to dietary excess or deficiency of Na, K, Cl by modulating their excretion: (2)

Answer 11

1. adjust amount filtered in glomerulus (filtration rate)
2. change secretion or reabsorption

Question 12

for long term regulation, __ rate plays a minor role

Answer 12

for long term regulation, glomerular filtration rate plays a minor role

Question 13

4 mechanisms of Na, K, Cl balance

Answer 13

1. vascular pressure receptors
2. natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)
3. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system
4. arginine vasopressin (ADH)

Question 14

vascular pressure receptors: __ sense stretch or tension

Answer 14

vascular pressure receptors: baroreceptors sense stretch or tension

Question 15

vascular low-pressure receptors

Answer 15

1. distension of cardiac atria and pulmonary vein
2. decreases vagal activity and activates AVP secretion

Question 16

vascular high-pressure receptors

Answer 16

1. distension in aortic arch and carotid sinus
2. increased vagal activity
3. inhibits AVP secretion

Question 17

ANP and BNP are released into circulation when heart muscle is __ and and increase in __

Answer 17

ANP and BNP are released into circulation when heart muscle is stretched and and increase in plasma

Question 18

function of ANP and BNP

Answer 18

1. increase glomerular pressure and filtration rate
2. reduce renin and aldosterone release
3. promote dilation of blood vessels

Question 19

effect of ANP and BNP

Answer 19

decrease plasma volume and lower blood pressure

Question 20

Aldosterone _________ the reabsorption of
sodium mainly in the ____________ of the nephron.

Answer 20

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of
sodium mainly in the distal tubule and collecting ducts of the nephron.

Question 21

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system sensors

Answer 21

a) baroreceptors in glomerulus sense changes in perfusion.
b) chemoreceptors in macula densa (distal tubule) sense changes in Na+ load

Question 22

steps of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

Answer 22

release of renin by granular cells –> angiotensin production –> aldosterone –> Na+ and water reabsorption in kidney

Question 23

aldosterone increases the reabsorption of __ and excretion of __ in __ and __

Answer 23

aldosterone increases the reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 24

Choose the most correct option. ________, a
hormone produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates the
direct reabsorption of water by mainly activating _______
in the distal tubule and collecting duct of kidney.

Answer 24

Choose the most correct option. Arginine-vasopressin, a
hormone produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates the
direct reabsorption of water by mainly activating aquaporins
in the distal tubule and collecting duct of kidney.

Question 25

arginine vasopressin stimulates __ of water in the kidneys, which __ urine output and __ ECF volume

Answer 25

arginine vasopressin stimulates **reabsorption** of water in the kidneys, which **reduces** urine output and **increases** ECF volume

Question 26

Arg-vasopressin stimulates __ which increases fluid consumption and __ ECF volume

Answer 26

Arg-vasopressin stimulates **thirst** which increases fluid consumption and **increases** ECF volume

Question 27

Arg-vasopressin stimulates __ of the arterioles, which __ blood pressure

Answer 27

Arg-vasopressin stimulates **vasoconstriction** of the arterioles, which **increases** blood pressure

Question 28

increasing plasma osmolarity = __ plasma vasopressin

Answer 28

increasing plasma osmolarity = **increased** plasma vasopressin

Question 29

vasopressin aka

Answer 29

ADH

Question 30

vasopressin **increases** reabsorption of water by activating __ in __ and __

Answer 30

vasopressin **increases** reabsorption of water by activating **aquaporins** in **distal tubule** and **collecting duct**

Question 31

blood-pressure responses to salt are

Answer 31

heterogeneous

Question 32

__% of ppl with hypertension are thought to have salt-sensitive blood pressure

Answer 32

**30-50**% of ppl with hypertension are thought to have salt-sensitive blood pressure

Question 33

low __ and __ can increase salt sensitivity

Answer 33

low **potassium** and **calcium** can increase salt sensitivity

Question 34

salt-sensitive blood pressure is assocaited with these people

Answer 34

low-renin hypertension old age metabolic syndrome

Question 35

Almost all 12- to 24-month-old toddlers have salt intake that is higher than their “adequate levels.”

Answer 35

TRUE

Question 36

reducing sodium intake reduces

Answer 36

systolic blood pressure

Question 37

Increasing evidence suggests that a high salt intake directly (i.e., beyond the effect of salt intake on blood pressure) promote all the following alterations EXCEPT ________.

Answer 37

ALL - endothelial fibrosis - cardiac hypertrophy - diastolic and systolic dysfunction

Question 38

high salt intake promotes damage of what organs

Answer 38

1. heart 2. kidney 3. blood vessels 4. increases arterial pressure

Question 39

high salt on kidney

Answer 39

glomerular injury renal failure

Question 40

high salt on heart

Answer 40

cardiac hypertrophy diastolic dysfunction systolic dysfunction

Question 41

high salt on blood vessels

Answer 41

oxidative stress endothelial dysfunction fibrosis decreased vascular elasticity

Question 42

In response to a decrease in salt intake, the reduction in blood pressure levels is generally more pronounced in hypertensive subjects that normotensive subjects.

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

effective diet interventions

Answer 43

DASH + salt restriction

Question 44

effective diet interventions

Answer 44

DASH + salt restriction

Question 45

low K+ associated with increased risk of

Answer 45

hypertension

Question 46

high ratio of __ to __ is more potent than either alone

Answer 46

high ratio of **Na** to **K** is more potent than either alone

Question 47

dietary K+ supplementation improves __ function __ and __ structure and functional parameters

Answer 47

dietary K+ supplementation improves **endothelial** function **vascular** and **cardiovascular** structure and functional parameters

Question 48

industrial diets are high in __ and low in __

Answer 48

industrial diets are high in **Na** and low in **K**