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IHN BIOCHEMISTRY FINAL > FINAL: water balance 2 > Flashcards

FINAL: water balance 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which body compartment has the greatest volume of water?

A

INTRACELLULAR

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2
Q

distribution of water among water compartments is determined by __

A

distribution of water among water compartments is determined by osmotic pressure

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3
Q

water always moves from more __ solution to more __ solution

this is called __

A

water always moves from more dilute solution to more concentrated solution

this is called osmosis

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4
Q

higher permeability of a membrane to a solute = __ effective osmotic pressure

A

higher permeability of a membrane to a solute = lower effective osmotic pressure

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5
Q

protein concentration is higher in: plasma or intestitial fluid?

A

higher in plasma

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6
Q

since protein conc is higher in plasma, plasma has __ osmotic pressure and __ water

A

since protein conc is higher in plasma, plasma has high osmotic pressure and attracts water

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7
Q

colloids

A

proteins and other macomolecules that are too large to cross capillary endothelium

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8
Q

a large amount of water is released into the __ as part of secretions

A

a large amount of water is released into the GI tract as part of secretions

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9
Q

majority of water (85%) is absorbed in the __ (__ and __), the rest is absorbed in the __

A

majority of water (85%) is absorbed in the small intestine (jejunum and ileum), the rest is absorbed in the colon

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10
Q

in plasma and interstitial fluid, major cation is __
major anions are __ and __

A

in plasma and interstitial fluid, major cation is Na+
major anions are Cl- and bicarbonate

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11
Q

gains of water without solutes in ECF (such as plasma) __ ECF osmolarity making it __

A

gains of water without solutes in ECF (such as plasma) decrease ECF osmolarity making it hypotonic

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12
Q

excessive overconsumption of water dilutes the plasma resulting in __

A

excessive overconsumption of water dilutes the plasma resulting in hyponatremia

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13
Q

losses of water without solutes from the ECF compartment increases serum sodium aka __ and results in __

A

losses of water without solutes from the ECF compartment increases serum sodium aka hypernatremia and results in dehydration

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14
Q

sodium balance is mainly regulated by the hormone __

water balance is mainly regulated by the hormone __

A

sodium balance is mainly regulated by the hormone aldosterone

water balance is mainly regulated by the hormone vasopressin

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15
Q

when ECF osmolarity increases, the hypothalamus releases __ aka __

A

when ECF osmolarity increases, the hypothalamus releases vasopressin aka ADH

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16
Q

vasopressin release is also stimulated by reductions in

A

plasma volume

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17
Q

vasopressin can also be stimulated by __

A

vasopressin can also be stimulated by angiotensin II

18
Q

vasopressin stimulates (3)

A
  1. reabsorption of water in kidneys
  2. thirst
  3. vasoconstriction of the arterioles
19
Q

vasopressin stimulation of reabsorption of water in kidneys, reduces __ and increases __

A

vasopressin stimulation of reabsorption of water in kidneys, reduces urine output and increases ECF volume

20
Q

vasopressin stimulation of thirst, increases __ and increases __

A

vasopressin stimulation of thirst, increases fluid consumption and increases ECF volume

21
Q

vasopressin stimulation of the arterioles, increases __

A

vasopressin stimulation of the arterioles, increases blood pressure

22
Q

in the kidneys, vasopressin effects __ and __

A

distal tubule and collecting duct

23
Q

major system controlling sodium and chloride balance in the body

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

24
Q

RAAS __ sodium and chloride reabsorption with __ balance

A

RAAS enhances sodium and chloride reabsorption with water balance

25
Q

when is RAAS active

A

when ECF volume and blood pressure are low

26
Q

RAAS is initiated by actions of __

A

RAAS is initiated by actions of renin

27
Q

renin is secreted by __ cells

A

renin is secreted by granular cells

28
Q

renin secretion is stimulated by increased circulating __ and decreased __ or plasma __

A

renin secretion is stimulated by increased circulating catecholamines and decreased blood pressure or plasma fluid volume

29
Q

renin secretion causes

A
  1. hydrolysis of angiotensin
  2. release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
30
Q

renin functions to hydrolyze __

A

renin functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen

31
Q

activating angiotensin II

A
  1. renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to make angiotensin I
  2. ACE hydrolyzes angiotensin I
  3. angiotensin I is cleaved to make active angiotensin II
32
Q

angiotensin II functions

A
  1. vasoconstriction of arteries –> increased blood pressure
  2. increase blood pressure by increasing thirst
  3. stimulates vasopressin release
  4. reduces glomerular filtration rate and sodium
  5. release aldosterone
33
Q

aldosterone is stimulated by __ and by decreased concentrations of __

A

aldosterone is stimulated by angiotensin and by decreased concentrations of natriuretic peptides

34
Q

aldosterone is also stimulated by increased plasma __ and decreased plasma __

A

aldosterone is also stimulated by increased plasma potassium and decreased plasma sodium

35
Q

aldosterone promotes reabsorption of __ and excretion of __ in the distal tubule

A

aldosterone promotes reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal tubule

36
Q

RAAS and sodium loss and lowered blood volume and pressure are opposed by __ and __

A

RAAS and sodium loss and lowered blood volume and pressure are opposed by ANP and BNP

37
Q

ANP and BNP are released when heart muscle is stretched by an expansion of __ volume that occurs with sodium and water __ and __ blood pressure

A

ANP and BNP are released when heart muscle is stretched by an expansion of plasma volume that occurs with sodium and water retention and increased blood pressure

38
Q

2 natriuretic peptides

A

ANP and BNP

39
Q

ANP and BNP funcion to __ glomerular pressure and filtration rate, which __ amount of sodium and water excreted

A

ANP and BNP funcion to increase glomerular pressure and filtration rate, which increase amount of sodium and water excreted

40
Q

ANP and BNP also __ renin and aldosterone release and promote __ of blood vessels to reduce blood pressure

A

ANP and BNP also reduce renin and aldosterone release and promote dilation of blood vessels to reduce blood pressure

IHN BIOCHEMISTRY FINAL (15 decks)

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