FINAL: water balance 2

Question 1

which body compartment has the greatest volume of water?

Answer 1

INTRACELLULAR

Question 2

distribution of water among water compartments is determined by __

Answer 2

distribution of water among water compartments is determined by osmotic pressure

Question 3

water always moves from more __ solution to more __ solution

this is called __

Answer 3

water always moves from more dilute solution to more concentrated solution

this is called osmosis

Question 4

higher permeability of a membrane to a solute = __ effective osmotic pressure

Answer 4

higher permeability of a membrane to a solute = lower effective osmotic pressure

Question 5

protein concentration is higher in: plasma or intestitial fluid?

Answer 5

higher in plasma

Question 6

since protein conc is higher in plasma, plasma has __ osmotic pressure and __ water

Answer 6

since protein conc is higher in plasma, plasma has high osmotic pressure and attracts water

Question 7

colloids

Answer 7

proteins and other macomolecules that are too large to cross capillary endothelium

Question 8

a large amount of water is released into the __ as part of secretions

Answer 8

a large amount of water is released into the GI tract as part of secretions

Question 9

majority of water (85%) is absorbed in the __ (__ and __), the rest is absorbed in the __

Answer 9

majority of water (85%) is absorbed in the small intestine (jejunum and ileum), the rest is absorbed in the colon

Question 10

in plasma and interstitial fluid, major cation is __
major anions are __ and __

Answer 10

in plasma and interstitial fluid, major cation is Na+
major anions are Cl- and bicarbonate

Question 11

gains of water without solutes in ECF (such as plasma) __ ECF osmolarity making it __

Answer 11

gains of water without solutes in ECF (such as plasma) decrease ECF osmolarity making it hypotonic

Question 12

excessive overconsumption of water dilutes the plasma resulting in __

Answer 12

excessive overconsumption of water dilutes the plasma resulting in hyponatremia

Question 13

losses of water without solutes from the ECF compartment increases serum sodium aka __ and results in __

Answer 13

losses of water without solutes from the ECF compartment increases serum sodium aka hypernatremia and results in dehydration

Question 14

sodium balance is mainly regulated by the hormone __

water balance is mainly regulated by the hormone __

Answer 14

sodium balance is mainly regulated by the hormone aldosterone

water balance is mainly regulated by the hormone vasopressin

Question 15

when ECF osmolarity increases, the hypothalamus releases __ aka __

Answer 15

when ECF osmolarity increases, the hypothalamus releases vasopressin aka ADH

Question 16

vasopressin release is also stimulated by reductions in

Answer 16

plasma volume

Question 17

vasopressin can also be stimulated by __

Answer 17

vasopressin can also be stimulated by angiotensin II

Question 18

vasopressin stimulates (3)

Answer 18

1. reabsorption of water in kidneys
2. thirst
3. vasoconstriction of the arterioles

Question 19

vasopressin stimulation of reabsorption of water in kidneys, reduces __ and increases __

Answer 19

vasopressin stimulation of reabsorption of water in kidneys, reduces urine output and increases ECF volume

Question 20

vasopressin stimulation of thirst, increases __ and increases __

Answer 20

vasopressin stimulation of thirst, increases fluid consumption and increases ECF volume

Question 21

vasopressin stimulation of the arterioles, increases __

Answer 21

vasopressin stimulation of the arterioles, increases blood pressure

Question 22

in the kidneys, vasopressin effects __ and __

Answer 22

distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 23

major system controlling sodium and chloride balance in the body

Answer 23

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 24

RAAS __ sodium and chloride reabsorption with __ balance

Answer 24

RAAS enhances sodium and chloride reabsorption with water balance

Question 25

when is RAAS active

Answer 25

when ECF volume and blood pressure are low

Question 26

RAAS is initiated by actions of __

Answer 26

RAAS is initiated by actions of **renin**

Question 27

renin is secreted by __ cells

Answer 27

renin is secreted by **granular** cells

Question 28

renin secretion is stimulated by increased circulating __ and decreased __ or plasma __

Answer 28

renin secretion is stimulated by increased circulating **catecholamines** and decreased **blood pressure** or plasma **fluid volume**

Question 29

renin secretion causes

Answer 29

1. hydrolysis of angiotensin 2. release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

Question 30

renin functions to hydrolyze __

Answer 30

renin functions to hydrolyze **angiotensinogen**

Question 31

activating angiotensin II

Answer 31

1. renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to make angiotensin I 2. ACE hydrolyzes angiotensin I 3. angiotensin I is cleaved to make active angiotensin II

Question 32

angiotensin II functions

Answer 32

1. vasoconstriction of arteries --> increased blood pressure 2. increase blood pressure by increasing thirst 3. stimulates vasopressin release 4. reduces glomerular filtration rate and sodium 5. release aldosterone

Question 33

aldosterone is stimulated by __ and by decreased concentrations of __

Answer 33

aldosterone is stimulated by **angiotensin** and by decreased concentrations of **natriuretic peptides**

Question 34

aldosterone is also stimulated by increased plasma __ and decreased plasma __

Answer 34

aldosterone is also stimulated by increased plasma **potassium** and decreased plasma **sodium**

Question 35

aldosterone promotes reabsorption of __ and excretion of __ in the distal tubule

Answer 35

aldosterone promotes reabsorption of **sodium** and excretion of **potassium** in the distal tubule

Question 36

RAAS and sodium loss and lowered blood volume and pressure are opposed by __ and __

Answer 36

RAAS and sodium loss and lowered blood volume and pressure are opposed by **ANP** and **BNP**

Question 37

ANP and BNP are released when heart muscle is stretched by an expansion of __ volume that occurs with sodium and water __ and __ blood pressure

Answer 37

ANP and BNP are released when heart muscle is stretched by an expansion of **plasma** volume that occurs with sodium and water **retention** and **increased** blood pressure

Question 38

2 natriuretic peptides

Answer 38

ANP and BNP

Question 39

ANP and BNP funcion to __ glomerular pressure and filtration rate, which __ amount of sodium and water excreted

Answer 39

ANP and BNP funcion to **increase** glomerular pressure and filtration rate, which **increase** amount of sodium and water excreted

Question 40

ANP and BNP also __ renin and aldosterone release and promote __ of blood vessels to reduce blood pressure

Answer 40

ANP and BNP also **reduce** renin and aldosterone release and promote **dilation** of blood vessels to reduce blood pressure