FINAL: manganese

Question 1

food sources of manganese

Answer 1

PINEAPPLE and berries
cereals and grains
nuts
legumes
green leafy vegetables

Question 2

absorption of Mn via

Answer 2

ZIP14
DMT1

Question 3

manganese in body exists as

Answer 3

Mn2+ or Mn3+

Question 4

__% Mn absorption

Answer 4

5% Mn absorption

Question 5

females absorb __ Mn than males

Answer 5

females absorb more Mn than males

Question 6

Mn absorption involves __capacity, __ affinity active carrier protein

Answer 6

Mn absorption involves low-capacity, high- affinity active carrier protein

Question 7

Mn carriers

Answer 7

1. DMT1
2. ZIP14
3. ZIP8

Question 8

at high Mn intakes,

Answer 8

diffusion occurs

Question 9

Mn absorption location

Answer 9

small intestine

Question 10

enhancers of Mn absorption

Answer 10

1. low-molecular-weight ligands (histidine and citrate)

Question 11

inhibitors of Mn absorption

Answer 11

1. other divalent cations
2. fiber
3. phytic acid
4. oxalic acid
5. iron (competes with DMT1)
6. coppuer

Question 12

Mn absorption steps

Answer 12

1. Mn separated from food by HCl, proteases)
2. Mn2+ enters via ZIP14 and DMT1
3. Ferroportin sends Mn2+ out to blood

Question 13

3 forms of Mn in portal circulation

Answer 13

1. free Mn
2. bound to albumin
3. oxidized by ceruloplasmin to Mn3+ and complexed with transferrin

Question 14

within cells, manganese is found primarily as __ in __

Answer 14

within cells, manganese is found primarily as Mn2+ in mitochondria

Question 15

unlike iron and copper, manganese is not __

Answer 15

unlike iron and copper, manganese is not readily oxidized within tissues

Question 16

where is manganese found in the body

Answer 16

all organs and tissues (including hair)

Question 17

manganese highest concentration is within

Answer 17

bone as a part of the apatite

Question 18

functions of manganese

Answer 18

regulation of cartilage formation

Question 19

manganese in cartilage formation
enhances __ in growth plates
regulates synthesis of __, a proteoglycan that is essential for cartilage structure

Answer 19

manganese in cartilage formation
enhances osteogenesis in growth plates
regulates synthesis of chondroitin sulfate, a proteoglycan that is essential for cartilage structure

Question 20

overview functions for manganese

Answer 20

1. bone, cartilage, connective tissue synthesis
2. urea synthesis
3. carb/nutrient metabolism
4. amino acid metabolism
5. antioxidant roles

Question 21

excess iron __ manganese absorption
the opposite is true

Answer 21

excess iron inhibits manganese absorption
the opposite is true

Question 22

homozygous mutations of __ in a cohort of children is associated with clinical hypermanganesemia and progressive parkinsonism-dystonia

Answer 22

homozygous mutations of ZIP14 in a cohort of children is associated with clinical hypermanganesemia and progressive parkinsonism-dystonia

Question 23

in normal conditions, how much manganese do we lose?

Answer 23

not much at all

Question 24

main excretion path of manganese

Answer 24

fecal

Question 25

manganese is concentrated in __ at levels 150-fold higher than in plasma

Answer 25

manganese is concentrated in gallbladder at levels 150-fold higher than in plasma

Question 26

2 methods of Mn assessment

Answer 26

1. serum, plasma, RBC (variable, no good correlated)
2. manganese-dependent enzymes (Mn-SOD, arginase)