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IHN BIOCHEMISTRY FINAL > Quiz 3: water and salt pt 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 3: water and salt pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

food sources of water

A

all foods

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2
Q

most essential nutrient

A

water

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3
Q

most water comes from

A

beverages

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4
Q

osmolarity =

A

conc of solute/1L

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5
Q

functions of water

A
  1. chemical rxns
  2. body temp regulation
  3. lube + protection
  4. solvent + transport medium
  5. maintenance of fluid volume
  6. acid-base balance
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6
Q

water output depends on

A

physical activity

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7
Q

methods of water output

A

insensible - skin
insensible - lungs (breathing out)
sweat
urine
feces

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8
Q

prolonged heavy exercise =

A

more excretion via sweat so we excrete less via other methods

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9
Q

where in metabolism do we make water

A
  1. FA oxidation
  2. cellular respiration
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10
Q

normal person what happens to most of the water they ingest and make

A

it is excreted

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11
Q

water intake
food:
bevs:

A

water intake
food: 25-35%
bevs: 65-75%

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12
Q

in the US do we get enough water

A

no

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13
Q

water intake for
men
women

A

water intake for
men: 3.7 L
women: 2.7 L

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14
Q

water intake needs vary based on (2)

A

activity level
energy intake

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15
Q

water recommendation

A

25-40 mL per kg of body weight

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16
Q

body is __% water
newborns are __% water

A

body is 50% water
newborns are 75% water

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17
Q

__ is way in and way out for water

A

plasma is way in and way out for water

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18
Q

which has more water: IC or EC

A

IC

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19
Q

in order, pools of water

A

IC > interstitial fluid > plasma

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20
Q

EC fluid = __ + __

A

EC fluid = plasma + interstitial fluid

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21
Q

volume of EC and IC must be in

A

perfect balance

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22
Q

__ and __ are highly regulated

A

water and osmolarity are highly regulated

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23
Q

isotonic =
hypotonic =
hypertonic =

A

isotonic = happy
hypotonic = cell swells
hypertonic = cell shrinks

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24
Q

hypotonic can occur during

A

parenteral nutrition

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25
Q

swelling of cells causes

A

edema

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26
Q

hypertonic cells occurs with

A

too many electrolytes

27
Q

to fix hypotonic, we need

A

increased excretion, but keep electrolytes (rly hard to do)

28
Q

to fix hypertonic, we need

A

hydration!

29
Q

__ membrane is barrier btwn plasma and intestitial fluid

A

capillary membrane is barrier btwn plasma and intestitial fluid

30
Q

bidirectional flow of water depends on

A

needs of cell

31
Q

osmotic pressure balance steps

A
  1. blood brings oxygenated blood into artery, out of vein
  2. capillary membrane removes CO2
  3. heart makes hydrostatic pressure (pushes plasma)
  4. hydrostatic P offsets osmotic P of particles in circulation
  5. net passage of water to EC compartment
  6. OR, as blood goes through it loses BP, enough to bring water into circulation
32
Q

main electrolytes

A

Na, Cl, K

33
Q

2 electrolyte functions

A
  1. control of EC fluid volume
  2. control membrane potential in excitable cell
34
Q

main sodium dietary source

A

sodium chloride

35
Q

__% of sodium in typical US diet is from processed foods

A

70% of sodium in typical US diet is from processed foods

36
Q

no natural, unprocessed foods rich in sodium

A
37
Q

high sodium =
low sodium =

A

high sodium = processed foods
low sodium = meats, fruits and veg

38
Q

table salt =

A

sea salt = himalayan salt
in % sodium

39
Q

main dietary source of potassium

A

vegetables!

all foods though

40
Q

is potassium a nutrient of concern

A

yes, intake in US is low

41
Q

intestine sodium absorption 2 options

A
  1. passive paracellular (by solvent drag, absorbed with water)
  2. facilitated transport
    - Na-glucose cotransporter (SGLT)
    - electroneutral absorption of Na and Cl (Na/H: NHE, Cl/HCO3: DRA)
    - electrogenic absorption: ENaC (colon!)
42
Q

main water transporter

A

SGLT1

43
Q

SGLT steps

A
  1. SGLT moves Na and glucose in
  2. glucose out by GLUT2
  3. Na out by NaK ATPase
44
Q

electroneutral absorption of Na and Cl

A
  1. NHE –> Na in, H out, DRA: Cl in, HCO3 out
  2. Cl- leaves via channels
  3. Na+ leaves via ATPase
45
Q

electrogenic absorption of Na steps

A
  1. Na in via ENaC
  2. Na out via NaK ATPase
46
Q

electrogenic absorption is increased by

A

aldosterone

47
Q

main absorption ofNa in colon

A

electrogenic absorption
ENaC

48
Q

__% potassium absorbed, but it is not abundant

A

85% potassium absorbed, but it is not abundant

49
Q

potassium intestinal absorption options

A
  1. passive transport at high conc
  2. active at low conc by:
    - K H ATPase
    - K channels
50
Q

__% of Na, K, Cl absorbed

A

85-99% of Na, K, Cl absorbed

51
Q

where are Na, K, Cl mainly absorbed

A

small intestine

52
Q

when there is excess K, there is net

A

when there is excess K, there is net secretion of K in colon

53
Q

2 roles of Na, K, Cl

A
  1. EC fluid volume
  2. membrane potentials
54
Q

main osmotic particle

A

Na

55
Q

most abundant cation and anion in EC

A

Na+
Cl-

also Ca2+, HCO3-

56
Q

most abundant cation and anion in IC

A

K+
PO4 3-
also Mg

57
Q

non-electrolytes in plasma contribute little
EX

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
fat

58
Q

what controls electric potential

A

Na K ATPase

59
Q

Na K ATPase steps

A
  1. transporter picks up 3 Na+ inside
  2. ATP binds + phos 1 aa –> 3 Na+ out
  3. picks up 2 K outside
  4. phosphate hydrolyzed release
60
Q

resting potential =

A

-70 mV

61
Q

action potential

A
  1. stimulus –> open Na channels, Na in
  2. depolarization (+) to +30 mV
  3. Na close, K+ opens –> K+ out
  4. repolarization (-)
62
Q

cholride in gastric acid secretion steps

A
  1. Cl- in, HCO3- out
  2. K+ in, H+ out
  3. Cl- crosses out
63
Q

chloride functions

A
  1. phagocytosis in WBC
  2. exchange Cl for HCO3- in RBC (chloride shift) –> allows transport of CO2 back to lungs in form of plasma HCO3-

IHN BIOCHEMISTRY FINAL (15 decks)

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