Quiz 3 - Practice Questions

Question 1

Which statements are true about nonexperimental designs? (Select all that apply.)

A. In nonexperimental studies, the independent variable is manipulated.

B. Nonexperimental designs are used to test relationships among variables.

C. Nonexperimental designs can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time.

D. In nonexperimental studies, subjects are randomly selected.

Answer 1

B., C.

Nonexperimental designs are used in studies in which the researcher wants to test relationships among variables. Nonexperimental designs are used in studies in which the researcher wants to construct a picture of a phenomenon. The independent variable is not manipulated in nonexperimental research. Randomization is a characteristic of experimental designs.

Question 2

What is another name for longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply.)

A. Prospective studies

B. Cohort studies

C. Repeated measures studies

D. Ex post facto studies

Answer 2

A., B., C.

Another term for longitudinal studies is prospective studies. Another term for longitudinal studies is cohort studies. Another term for longitudinal studies is repeated measures studies. Ex post facto studies collect data retrospectively.

Question 3

What are potential disadvantages of longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply.)

A. Subject loss as a result of attrition

B. Loss of a control group

C. The Hawthorne effect

D. Superficiality of data

Answer 3

A., C.

Because longitudinal studies take longer to complete, subject loss over time is a problem. Subjects sometimes change their behavior simply because they are part of a study. Each subject acts as his or her own control. Longitudinal studies yield data with depth and breadth.

Question 4

What is another name for retrospective studies? (Select all that apply.)

A.Repeated measures studies

B. Case-control studies

C. Cohort studies

D. Ex post facto studies

Answer 4

B., D.

Another term for retrospective studies is case-control studies. Another term for retrospective studies is ex post facto studies. Longitudinal studies, not retrospective studies, are sometimes called repeated measures studies. Longitudinal studies, not retrospective studies, are sometimes called cohort studies.

Question 5

A nurse researcher demonstrated that cigarette smoking appeared to be a determinant of lung cancer. The researcher was unable to conclude a causal relationship exists between cigarette smoking and lung cancer because of which reason? (Select all that apply.)

A. The independent variable was not manipulated.

B. Subjects were not randomly assigned to groups.

C. The researcher did not have a high level of control.

D. The causal event did not occur before the effect event.

Answer 5

A., B.

The researcher was not able to manipulate the independent variable. Because it was not possible to randomly select a sample, the researcher was not able to demonstrate either the representativeness of the sample or a cause-and-effect relationship. The level of control of the independent variable is not a requisite for determining a cause-and-effect relationship. In this study the causal event did occur before the effect event.

Question 6

Nonexperimental studies provide what type of evidence?

A. Level II

B. Level III

C. Level IV

D. Level V

Answer 6

C.

Nonexperimental studies provide level IV evidence. Only clinical trials provide level II evidence. Quasi-experimental studies provide level III evidence. Nonexperimental studies provide a higher level of evidence than do level V studies.

Question 7

A study was designed to assess whether motion had an effect on the mood of elderly residents in a nursing home. The researcher examined whether residents who ambulated for an hour every day were more engaged in their environments than those who did not ambulate. This type of study is known as what?

A. Prospective

B. Comparative

C. Ex post facto

D. Correlational

Answer 7

B.

Comparative studies determine differences between variables. This study did not involve measurement over time. This study did not involve measurement retrospectively. The researcher was not measuring the degree to which the variables covaried.

Question 8

What is an advantage of using surveys for data collection?

A. Causation can be determined.

B. Information can be collected in great depth.

C. Large-scale surveys are relatively inexpensive.

D. A relatively small number of subjects can provide accurate information.

Answer 8

D.

If a sample is representative of the population, a relatively small number of subjects can provide an accurate picture of the population. Surveys cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships. The information obtained by a survey tends to be superficial. Large-scale surveys are expensive to conduct.

Question 9

What is the role of an investigator in a correlational study?

A. Examines the relationship between two or more variables

B.Evaluates data collection instruments

C. Determines a cause-and-effect relationship among variables

D. Uses each subject as his or her own control

Answer 9

A.

The investigator measures the degree to which variables covary. Psychometrics evaluates data collection instruments. Correlational studies cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships. Longitudinal studies use each subject as his or her own control.

Question 10

Nonexperimental correlational studies are used frequently in nursing research for which reason?

A. Findings of nonexperimental correlational studies can be generalized to larger populations.

B. Independent variables can be manipulated precisely in correlational studies.

C. Many of the phenomena of clinical interest do not lend themselves to manipulation, control, or randomization.

D. To determine the best clinical practices, nurses must be aware of cause-and-effect relationships.

Answer 10

C.

Researchers cannot manipulate, control, or randomize many phenomena of concern to nurses. Without the ability to select subjects randomly, findings cannot be generalized to larger populations. Correlational designs are used when phenomena of interest cannot be manipulated. The best practices can be determined by correlational and other nonexperimental studies.

Question 11

Which type of studies is concerned specifically with a time perspective?

A. Developmental studies

B. Cross-sectional studies

C. Descriptive studies

D. Causal modeling studies

Answer 11

A.

Investigators who use developmental studies are concerned with changes that result from elapsed time. Cross-sectional studies collect data at only one point in time. Descriptive studies yield information about the characteristics of variables and do not necessarily have a specific time perspective. Causal modeling techniques establish predictive or causal links among variables and do not necessarily have a time perspective.

Question 12

Graduates of nursing programs were surveyed 6 months postgraduation to determine their perspectives on the adequacy of their nursing education. This study is an example of what kind of study?

A. A cross-sectional study

B. A prospective study

C. An ex post facto study

D. A longitudinal study

Answer 12

A.

Data were collected at one point in time with the same subjects. Prospective studies collect data at various times for a period of time. Ex post facto studies collect data retrospectively. Longitudinal studies collect data retrospectively.

Question 13

Why are predictive models used?

A. To synthesize findings from randomized clinical trials to test the effectiveness of an intervention

B. To develop measurement techniques to establish causal relationships

C. To generalize findings from nonexperimental studies

D. To explain the relationships among variables to establish predictive or causal links

Answer 13

D.

Predictive models are used to determine predictive relationships. Meta-analyses, not predictive models, synthesize findings from clinical trials in order to test the effectiveness of an intervention. Developing measurement techniques is not the purpose of predictive models. Predictive relationships cannot be established by nonexperimental studies.

Question 14

Why are psychometrics used?

A. To interpret research data to determine cause-and-effect relationships

B. To use the research process to develop tools or techniques for use in measurement

C. To combine data from multiple research studies and summarize their findings

D. To analyze data collected for another purpose

Answer 14

B.

Psychometrics deals with the theory and development of measurement and instrumentation. Psychometrics is not used to determine cause-and-effect relationships. It is meta-analysis, not psychometrics, that combines data from multiple research studies and summarizes their findings. Secondary analysis is the analysis of data collected for another purpose.

Question 15

A researcher explored the nursing practice of new graduates to measure the frequency of medical errors they made over time. A cohort of new graduates was surveyed at 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year postgraduation. Which design best describes this study?

A. Correlational predictive

B. Retrospective correlational

C. Descriptive longitudinal

D. Comparative descriptive

Answer 15

C.

The study is descriptive because the researcher is measuring characteristics of the variable “frequency of medical errors” and longitudinal because data are being collected from one cohort of subjects repeatedly over time. No correlational relationships are being measured, and the researcher is not attempting to predict a cause-and-effect relationship. Data are being collected prospectively, not retrospectively. The researcher is not comparing variables of the study to uncover their differences.

Question 16

Which studies are classified as survey studies? (Select all that apply.)

A. Descriptive

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Exploratory

E. Comparative

F. Cross-sectional

Answer 16

A., D., E.

A descriptive study could be considered to be a survey. An exploratory study could be considered a survey. A comparative study could be considered a survey. A correlational study would be a relationship-difference study. A developmental study would be a relationship-difference study. A cross-sectional study would be a developmental, relationship-difference study.

Question 17

Which studies are classified as relationship-difference studies? (Select all that apply.)

A. Descriptive

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Exploratory

E. Comparative

F. Cross-sectional

Answer 17

B., C., F.

A correlational study would be a relationship-difference study. A developmental study would be a relationship-difference study. A cross-sectional study would be a developmental, relationship-difference study. A descriptive study could be considered a survey. An exploratory study could be considered a survey. A comparative study could be considered a survey.

Question 18

Which type of study would be classified as a developmental study?

A. Descriptive

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Exploratory

E. Comparative

F. Cross-sectional

Answer 18

F.

A cross-sectional study would be a developmental, relationship-difference study. A descriptive study could be considered to be a survey. A correlational study would be a relationship-difference study. A developmental study would be a relationship-difference study. An exploratory study could be considered a survey. A comparative study could be considered a survey.

Question 19

Which type of study would be classified as a longitudinal study?

A. Survey

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Experimental

Answer 19

C.

A longitudinal study is a developmental study, not a survey, correlational study, or experimental study.

Question 20

Which type of study is an ex post facto study?

A. Survey

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Experimental

Answer 20

C.

A longitudinal study is a developmental study. An ex post facto study is not a survey, correlational study, or experimental study.

Question 21

Which type of study is a comparative study?

A. Survey

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Experimental

Answer 21

A.

A comparative study is a survey. A comparative study is not a correlational study, developmental study, or experimental study.

Question 22

Which type of study is a prospective study?

A. Survey

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Experimental

Answer 22

C.

A prospective study is a developmental study. A prospective study is not a survey, correlational study, or experimental study.

Question 23

Which type of study is a case-control study?

A. Survey

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Experimental

Answer 23

C.

A case-control study is a developmental study. A case-control study is not a survey, correlational study, or experimental study.

Question 24

Which type of study is a cohort study?

A. Survey

B. Correlational

C. Developmental

D. Experimental

Answer 24

C.

A cohort study is a developmental study. A cohort study is not a survey, correlational study, or experimental study.

Question 25

The nurse researcher is designing an ex post facto study that uses cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. In such a study, the independent variable for the experimental group is considered to be what?

A. Cigarette smoking

B. Lung cancer

C. Absence of lung cancer

D. Lack of cigarette smoking

Answer 25

A.

In such a design, cigarette smoking would be the independent variable for the experimental group. Lung cancer would be the dependent variable for the experimental group. Absence of lung cancer would be neither the independent nor the dependent variable for the experimental group. It is considered to be the dependent variable for the control group. Lack of cigarette smoking would not be a variable for the groups because the control group would be characterized entirely by their lack of cigarette smoking.

Question 26

The nurse researcher is designing an ex post facto study that uses cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. In such a study, the dependent variable for the control group is considered to be what?

A. Cigarette smoking

B. Lung cancer

C. Absence of lung cancer

D. Lack of cigarette smoking

Answer 26

C.

Absence of lung cancer is considered to be the dependent variable for the control group. In such a design, cigarette smoking would be the independent variable for the experimental group. Lung cancer would be the dependent variable for the experimental group. Lack of cigarette smoking would not be a variable for the groups because the control group would be characterized entirely by their lack of cigarette smoking.

Question 27

What does Phase I of a meta-analysis include? (Select all that apply.)

A. Pooled average result

B. Outcome data

C. Sample sizes

D. Decision regarding calculation

Answer 27

B., C.

Phase I of a meta-analysis includes data extraction such as outcome data, sample sizes, and measures of variability from the identified studies. The pooled average result is included in Phase II of a meta-analysis. A decision regarding whether or not it is appropriate to calculate is made in Phase II.

Question 28

What does Phase II of a meta-analysis include? (Select all that apply.)

A. Pooled average result

B. Outcome data

C. Sample sizes

D. Decision regarding calculation

Answer 28

A., D.

The pooled average result is included in Phase II of a meta analysis. A decision regarding whether or not it is appropriate to calculate is made in Phase II. Phase I of a meta-analysis includes data extraction such as outcome data, sample sizes, and measures of variability from the identified studies.

Question 29

The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists provide an evidence-based approach for assessing what? (Select all that apply.)

A. Consistency

B. Quality

C. Correlation

D. Quantity

Answer 29

A., B., D.

The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists provide an evidence-based approach for assessing consistency, quality, and quantity.

Incorrect Feedback:
The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists are not used for assessing correlation.

Question 30

The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists consist of tools that are used to assess a study’s what? (Select all that apply.)

A. Reliability

B. Methodology

C. Consistency

D. Validity

Answer 30

A., B., D.

The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists consist of tools that are used to assess a study’s reliability, methodology, and validity. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists are not used to assess the consistency of a study.

Question 31

The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists include questions that focus on what? (Select all that apply.)

A. Are the study’s results valid?

B. What are the results?

C. Are findings applicable to your practice?

D. How will the findings be reported?

Answer 31

A., B., C.

The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists include questions that focus on validity of the results. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists include questions that focus on the results of the research. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists include questions that focus on applicability of the findings to practice. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklists do not include questions that focus on how findings will be reported.

Question 32

Which is an accurate statement about qualitative research? (Select all that apply.)

A. Qualitative research focuses on variables that can be measured in terms of quantity, amount, frequency, or intensity.

B. There are three specific approaches for conducting qualitative research: phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study.

​C. Qualitative research takes place in naturalistic settings and may utilize participant observation as a data-gathering technique.

​D. Open-ended survey questions are one method of gathering data for qualitative research.

Answer 32

C, D

Qualitative research takes place where participants are located. Open-ended questions are frequently used to gather data. Qualitative research focuses on qualities of a process or entity and meanings that cannot be measured in terms of quantity, amount, frequency, or intensity. There are many different approaches for conducting qualitative research.

Question 33

A study’s context could be considered to be what? (Select all that apply.)

A. Cultural beliefs of study participants

B. The physical setting of the study

​C. The sample selected for the study

​D. The number of subjects in the study

Answer 33

A, B

The culture of study participants provides context for their perceptions. The physical setting of the study provides context for the perceptions of participants. The sample selected for the study is not, in itself, likely to be considered a context for the study. The number of subjects selected for the study is not likely to be considered a context for the study.

Question 34

What is an accurate statement regarding the constructivist paradigm? (Select all that apply.)

​A. There are multiple realities.

​B. The truth is objective.

​C. Context does not matter as much as truth.

​D. The participant is an active part of the study.

Answer 34

A, D

Within the constructivist paradigm, there are multiple realities and the participant is an active part of the study. Within the constructivist paradigm, the truth is subjective and context is as important as the perceptions of the participants.

Question 35

Which would be an accurate way to describe qualitative research? (Select all that apply.)

​A. Numerical

​B. Inductive

​C. Explanatory

​D. Descriptive

Answer 35

B, C, D

Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to explain phenomena. Qualitative research is considered to be inductive and explanatory in nature. Qualitative research is considered to be descriptive in nature because it tends to describe a subject’s “lived experience.”

Question 36

What does the constructivist paradigm value? (Select all that apply.)

​A. Subjectivism

​B. Natural laws

​C. Time and place

​D. Generalizability

Answer 36

A, C

Subjectivism is valued in the constructivist paradigm. Context, including time and place, is important. Belief in the existence of natural laws is consistent with the positivist paradigm. Generalizability is valued in quantitative research.

Question 37

Knowledge gained from science is considered valuable to nursing practice for which reason?

​A. In the past, nursing care was based on folklore and practices that are no longer effective.

​B. Nurses have more information with which to make patient care decisions.

​C. Nurses can demonstrate to physicians that nursing care is effective.

​D. Health care costs are reduced when nursing care is efficient.

Answer 37

B

Nursing care was based on the medical beliefs of the time, some of which have been shown to be effective. The value of scientific knowledge does not lie in the perceptions of other health care team members. Although health care costs are reduced when nursing care is efficient, this statement does not address the value of scientific knowledge and is not the best answer. Science, through research, provides evidence of the most effective nursing care.

Question 38

Which is an accurate statement regarding paradigms?

​A. All research, both quantitative and qualitative, is based on paradigms.

​B. Not all paradigms are correct; research helps scientists determine which paradigms work.

​C. There is one reality, or paradigm, and research gives us information about that reality.

​D. Multiple paradigms are true, and research helps determine which paradigms are true.

Answer 38

A

All research is based on philosophical beliefs, or paradigms, about the world. Paradigms are not “right” or “wrong.” Some work better than others to explain observed phenomena. Qualitative research is based on a paradigm of multiple realities.

Question 39

Which paradigm most clearly provides the basis for qualitative research?

​A. Empirical analytical research

​B. Constructivism

​C. Postpositivism

​D. Naturalistic research

Answer 39

B

The paradigm that provides the basis for qualitative research is constructivism. The term empirical analytical research is synonymous with quantitative research. Postpositivism is the paradigm that provides the basis of quantitative research. The term naturalistic research is synonymous with qualitative research.

Question 40

hich is an example of how research approaches fall along a continuum?

​A. Naturalistic research at one end and qualitative research at the other

​B. Naturalistic research at one end and constructivism at the other

​C. Empirical analytical research at one end and naturalistic research at the other

​D. Empirical analytical research at one end and quantitative research at the other

Answer 40

C

Research approaches at the two extremes of the continuum are empirical analytical and naturalistic research. The term naturalistic research is synonymous with qualitative research. Constructivism is the paradigm that provides the basis for naturalistic research. The termempirical analytical research is synonymous with quantitative research.

Question 41

The data collection phase of qualitative research most appropriately occurs after which phase of the research process?

​A. Study design

​B. Setting

​C. Sample

​D. Data analysis

Answer 41

B

Data collection usually occurs after the setting phase, not the study design phase, sample phase, or data analysis phase.

Question 42

The nurse researcher is interested in acting as a neutral observer during the study. She or he should most appropriately select which type of research?

A. Qualitative research

​B. Ethnographic research

​C. Quantitative research

​D. Case studies

Answer 42

C

In quantitative research, researchers must remain neutral. In qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral. In ethnography, a type of qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral. In case studies, a type of qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral.

Question 43

The type of research that can be most affected by the values of the researcher is what?

​A. Qualitative

​B. Naturalistic

​C. Ethnographic

​D. Quantitative

Answer 43

D

In quantitative research, researchers must remain neutral. The values of the researcher must be acknowledged in qualitative research and naturalistic research.

Question 44

Which of Kearney’s Modes of Clinical Applications for Qualitative Research should be used if the nurse researcher wants to be able to share qualitative findings with the patient?

​A. Insight or empathy

​B. Assessment of status/progress

​C. Anticipatory guidance

​D. Coaching

Answer 44

C

Anticipatory guidance allows the nurse to share qualitative findings with the patient. Insight or empathy allows the nurse to better understand patients and offer more sensitive support. Assessment of status or progress allows the nurse to describe the trajectories of a patient’s illness. Coaching allows the nurse to advise patients of steps that they can take to reduce distress or improve their adjustment to an illness according to the evidence in a study.

Question 45

Which of Kearney’s Modes of Clinical Applications for Qualitative Research should be utilized if the nurse researcher wants to be able to better understand how a cancer patient is reacting to his diagnosis?

​A. Insight or empathy

​B. Assessment of status/progress

​C. Anticipatory guidance

​D. Coaching

Answer 45

A

Insight or empathy allows the nurse to better understand patients and offer more sensitive support. Assessment of status or progress allows the nurse to describe the trajectories of a patient’s illness. Anticipatory guidance allows the nurse to share qualitative findings with the patient. Coaching allows the nurse to advise patients of steps that they can take to reduce distress or improve their adjustment to an illness according to the evidence in a study

Question 46

In research conducted using grounded theory, what signals the collection of an adequate amount of data?

​A. Saturation

​B. Contextual understanding

​C. Significance

​D. Conceptualization

Answer 46

A

Data are collected until no new themes emerge (saturation). Contextual understanding comes from analysis of data. “Significance” is a term used in quantitative analysis, not typically in qualitative analysis. Conceptualization is the formation of an image or symbolic representation of an abstract ideal. In grounded theory, this occurs with data analysis.

Question 47

Which of Kearney’s Modes of Clinical Applications for Qualitative Research should be used if the nurse researcher wants to be able to better advise a patient of how to cope with the side effects of chemotherapy?

​A. Insight or empathy

​B. Assessment of status/progress

​C. Anticipatory guidance

​D. Coaching

Answer 47

D

Coaching allows the nurse to advise patients of steps that they can take to reduce distress or improve their adjustment to an illness according to the evidence in a study. Insight or empathy allows the nurse to better understand patients and offer more sensitive support. Assessment of status or progress allows the nurse to describe the trajectories of a patient’s illness. Anticipatory guidance allows the nurse to share qualitative findings with the patient.

Question 48

Which of Kearney’s Categories of Qualitative Findings can provide the nurse researcher with a map into previously uncharted territory in the human experience of health and illness?

​A. Restricted by a priori frameworks

​B. Descriptive categories

​C. Shared pathway or meaning

​D. Depiction of experiential variation

Answer 48

B

Descriptive categories provide a map into previously uncharted territory in the human experience of health and illness. “Restricted by a priori frameworks” means that discovery was aborted because the researcher has obscured the findings with an existing theory. “Shared pathway or meaning” is the synthesis of a shared experience or process. “Depiction of experiential variation” describes the main essence of an experience but also shows how the experience varies, depending on the individual or context.

Question 49

Why should a nurse researcher have an understanding of the philosophy underlying each type of research?

​A. Conclusions reached should be congruent with the research question.

​B. The research method that best meets the intended purpose of the study should be used.

C. The reader should understand the level of abstraction of the study.

​D. The paradigm of the method should be the same as that of the researcher.

Answer 49

B

Different research methods accomplish different goals and offer different types and levels of evidence that inform practice. The congruence of the conclusions reached and the research question is assured by the methods used to collect and analyze data. It is more important for the reader to understand the paradigm underlying the research method than to determine the level of abstraction of the concepts studied. The research must use a paradigm that best fits the amount of knowledge that exists about the topic under study.

Question 50

Which of Kearney’s Categories of Qualitative Findings would apply if the nurse researcher has to abort the study because the findings have been obscured with an existing theory?

​A. Restricted by a priori frameworks

​B. Descriptive categories

​C. Shared pathway or meaning

​D. Depiction of experiential variation

Answer 50

A

“Restricted by a priori frameworks” means that discovery was aborted because the researcher has obscured the findings with an existing theory. “Descriptive categories” provides a map into previously uncharted territory in the human experience of health and illness. “Shared pathway or meaning” is the synthesis of a shared experience or process. “Depiction of experiential variation” describes the main essence of an experience but also shows how the experience varies, depending on the individual or context.

Question 51

Which question will most accurately critique the sampling of a research project?

​A. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?

​B. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

​C. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?

​D. What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?

Answer 51

C

“Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?” is the question that would critique the sampling of a research project.

Question 52

Which question will most accurately critique the method of a research project?

​A. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?

​B. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

​C. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?

​D. What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?

Answer 52

A

“Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?” is the question that would critique the method of a research project.

Question 53

Which question will most accurately critique the purpose of a research project?

​A. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?

​B. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

​C. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?

​D. What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?

Answer 53

B

“What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?” is the question that would critique the purpose of a research project.

Question 54

Which question will most accurately critique the credibility of a research project?

​A. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?

​B. Does the researcher document the research process?

​C. Are the researcher’s conceptualizations true to the data?

​D. Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully?

Answer 54

D

“Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully?” is the question that would critique the credibility of a research project.

Question 55

The nurse researcher is working with children’s descriptions of pain during cancer treatment and what they consider to be good care during a painful episode. Which of Kearney’s Categories of Qualitative Findings would be most applicable in this case?

​A. Restricted by a priori frameworks

​B. Descriptive categories

​C. Shared pathway or meaning

​D. Depiction of experiential variation

Answer 55

B

“Descriptive categories” would be applicable if children are describing pain and what they consider to be good care during a painful episode. “Restricted by a priori frameworks” would be applicable if the researcher is using the theory of “relatedness” to describe women’s relationships, without substantiation in the data, and when there may be an alternative explanation to describe how women exist in relationship to others. “Shared pathway or meaning” would be applicable if the researcher is describing a woman’s process of recovery from depression. “Depiction of experiential variation” would be applicable if the researcher is describing how pregnant women recovering from cocaine addiction might or might not move forward to create a new life, depending on the amount of structure they imposed on their behavior and their desire to give up drugs and change their lives.

Question 56

The nurse researcher is working with pregnant women recovering from cocaine addiction to describe how they move on to create a new life. Which of Kearney’s Categories of Qualitative Findings would be most applicable in this case?

​A. Restricted by a priori frameworks

​B. Descriptive categories

​C. Shared pathway or meaning

​D. Depiction of experiential variation

Answer 56

D

“Depiction of experiential variation” would be applicable if the researcher is describing how pregnant women recovering from cocaine addiction might or might not move forward to create a new life, depending on the amount of structure they imposed on their behavior and their desire to give up drugs and change their lives. “Restricted by a priori frameworks” would be applicable if the researcher is using the theory of “relatedness” to describe women’s relationships, without substantiation in the data, and when there may be an alternative explanation to describe how women exist in relationship to others. “Descriptive categories” would be applicable if children are describing pain and what they consider to be good care during a painful episode. “Shared pathway or meaning” would be applicable if the researcher is describing a woman’s process of recovery from depression.

Question 57

The nurse researcher has decided to assess patient and provider responses to a computerized symptom assessment system. Which design of types would be applicable? (Select all that apply).

1. Exploratory
2. Descriptive
3. Longitudinal with retrospective
4. Longitudinal medical records review

Answer 57

2, 3, 4

2. This could be considered to be a descriptive design
3. This could be considered to be a longitudinal with retrospective design.
4. This could be considered to a longitudinal medical records review design.
5. This would not be an exploratory design

Question 58

The nurse researcher has decided to determine factors predictive of parenting self-efficacy at 12 to 48 hours after childbirth and at 1 month postpartum. Which design of types would be applicable? (Select all that apply).

1. Cohort
2. Descriptive
3. Longitudinal with retrospective
4. Prospective

Answer 58

1, 4

1. This would be a cohort design
2. This could be considered a prospective design.
3. This would not be a descriptive design.
4. This could not be considered a longitudinal with retrospective design.