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N4512 Research Critique & Utilization > Exam 1 - Study Material (Quiz 3) > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Study Material (Quiz 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe nonexperimental research

A

Designs used in studies in which the researcher wishes to construct a picture of a phenomenon; explore events, people, or situations as they naturally occur; or test relationships and differences among variables

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2
Q

What are the pros and cons of non-experimental research?

A
  • NO CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
  • INTERNAL VALIDITY -SELECTION ETC.
  • SPURIOUS FINDINGS
  • NO NEED FOR EXPER. DESIGN
  • IMPORTANT INFOR. NOT KNOWN
  • LARGE AMT OF INFO.
  • REALISM
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3
Q

When would you use a non-experimental ressearch desgin?

A
  • Use when can’t manipulate I.V.
  • Use when looking for association, differences, describe phenomena or relationship of I.V. to D. V.
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4
Q

What level of evidence do non-experimental designs provide?

A

Provides Level IV Evidence

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5
Q

What are the different types of non-experimetnal research designs?

A
  • SURVEY
  • RELATIONSHIP & DIFFERENCES
    • CORRELATIONAL
    • DEVELOPMENTAL
      • CROSS-SECTIONAL
      • LONGITUDINAL/PROSPECTIVE/COHORT
      • RETROSPECTIVE/EX POST FACTO/CASE CONTROL
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6
Q

What are survery studies?

A
  • Descriptive, exploraory, or comparative studies that collect detailed descriptions of exsting variables and use the data to justify and assess current conditions and practices, or to make more plans for improving health care practices.
  • Data are collected by questionnaires or interviews
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7
Q

What is a correlational study?

A

A type of nonexperimental research design that examines the realationship between two or more variables

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of correlational studies?

A
  • Examines the relationship between two or more variables
  • Examines strength of variables
  • Does not manipulate variables
  • Gives increased flexibility when examining relationship among variables
  • Can be descriptive or predictive
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9
Q

What are developmental studies?

A

A type of nonexperimental resaerch design that is concerned not only with the existing status and interrelatonship of phenomena, but also with changes that take place as a function of time

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10
Q

What are the different types of developmental studies?

A
  • Cross-Sectional - Examines data at one point in time
  • Longitudinal/Prospective/Cohort - Collect data from same group at different points in time; repeated measures
  • Retrospective/Ex Post Facto/Case Control - Examine attempts to link present events to past
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11
Q

What are some advantages to develpomental studies?

A
  • It is Flexible
  • Helpful for clinical application
  • Foundation for future intervention studies
  • Good for studying variables that can not be manipulated
  • “Realism”
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12
Q

What are some disadvantages to develpomental studies?

A
  • Can not manipulate variables
  • No randomization so have to closely assess the sample
  • No causal outcomes
  • Strength is limited as outcomes are associative
  • Careful when reviewing and making statements as not experimental design
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13
Q

What is a methodological study?

A

A study in which an Instrument is development. Items developed and tested for reliability and validity

  • Define concept
  • Formulate items
  • Develop instructions
  • Test reliability and validity
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14
Q

What is secondary analysis?

A

A research method in which the researcher takes the previously collected data & analyzed data from one study and reanalyzes the data for a secondary question or research purpose

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15
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

A summation and assessment of research studies found in the literature based on a clearly focused question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and analyze relevant data from the selected studies to summarize the findings in a focused area.

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16
Q

What is the goal of a systematic review?

A

Bring together all studies on a topic using a focused clinical question, inclusion, exclusion criteria

Systematic reviews Assess studies for:

  • Sampling issues
  • Internal validity(Bias) threat
  • External validity
  • Data analysis
17
Q

What are some characteristics of integrative reviews?

A
  • Broadest category of review
  • No statistical analysis
  • Review of both qualitative and quantitative studies, or both, reviews, methodological studies
  • EX. Symptom experience of children with cancer- 52 studies reviewed
18
Q

What are some characteristics of meta-analysis’s?

A
  • Special method –LEVEL I
  • equires strict scientific approach
  • akes results of many studies in an area
  • Synthesizes the findings
  • Statistically summarizes the data to obtain precise estimate of the impact of the results of studies in the review
  • Generally of RCTs
19
Q

What is a integrative reivew?

A
  • It is a sytematic review of the literature using the evidence based practice approach
  • Broadest category of review​
  • No statistical analysis​
  • Review of both qualitative and quantitative studies, or both, reviews, methodological studies​
  • EX. Symptom experience of children with cancer- 52 studies reviewed
20
Q

What are the different phases of a meta-analysis?

A
  • PHASE 1- Data Extracted- sample type and size, measures and outcome data
  • PHASE II- Decision made whether to calculate a pooled average (effect) of the studies
21
Q

What is effect size in relation to a meta analysis?

A

It is how large of a difference there is between intervention and control groups for summarized studies

22
Q

What is a forest plot?

A

graphic data representation

¥Box- right of 0 line=not significant; left =significant ¥Diamond-More precise, combines all studies data

23
Q

What are agree II guidelines?

A
  • Allows critique of guidelines, they help evaluate guidelines
  • Evaluation components –Date, endorsement, purpose, type of evidence that supports, how graded the evidence, used & tested
24
Q

What is Qualitative Research?

A

The study of research questions about human experiences. It is often conducted in natural settings, and uses data that are words or text rather than numerical in order to describe the experiences that are being studied.

25
Q

What are some issues with qualitative research?

A
  • Ethics - there is taping per word of what they are saying
  • Naturalistic Setting - can be done at home
  • Emergent nature of design
  • Researcher-Participant interaction
  • Researcher as Instrument
26
Q

What are some characteristics of qualitative research?

A
  • Allows for flexible adjusts to the data
  • Merges various methods
  • Holistic understanding
  • Phenomena or setting understanding
  • Involved & instrument
  • Inductive- no hypothesis
  • RESEARCHER DESCRIBES ROLE
  • BRICOLEUR- PERSON OF MANY TASKS
  • NO PREDICTION
27
Q

What are the different phases of qualitative research?

A
  1. Orientation & overview - What don’t I know
  2. Focused exploration - More in-depth exploration
  3. Confirmation & closure - establish trustworthiness
28
Q

What are some features of qualitative research?

A
  • No intervention or control
  • MAy be group comparisons but not typical; It is a pattern that may arise.
  • Data collected- can be individual interview, focus-group, or multiple sessions, planned or unplanned
  • No independent or dependent variable
  • setting - real world
  • Review of the Literature nGenerally more limited
  • Design – Congruent - philosophical beliefs
  • Sample- Inclusion/exclusion criteria, purposive nSetting & Data collection- Naturalistic, data saturation
  • Analysis- themes
  • Findings- Unit of meaning
29
Q

What are the different types of qaulitative research designs?

A
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded Theory
  • Phenomenology
  • Historical
  • Case Studies
30
Q

What is Ethnography?

A

A research approach designed to produce cultural theory. The ethnographic method scientifically describes cultural groups. The goal of the ethnographer is to understand the natives’ view of their world

31
Q

What is the method, essence of method, and foundation of ethnography? Give an example

A

Method: Ethnographic

Essence of Method: Descriptions of cultural

                              groups or subgroups

Foundation: Cultural anthropology

32
Q

What is grounded theory?

A

Theory that is constructed inductively from a base of observations of the world as it is lived by a selected group of people. Grounded theory method is a research approach that uses a systematic set of procedures to arrive at theory about basic social processes

33
Q

What is the method, essence of method, and foundation of grounded theory? Give an example

A

Method: Grounded Theory

Essence of Method:

Systematic set of procedures used to arrive at theory about basic social processes in groups

Foundation: Symbolic interaction and the social sciences

34
Q

What is Phenomenology?

A

A research approach that aims to describe experience as it is lived through. A research method aimed at obtaining a description of an experience as it is lived in order to understand the meaning of that experience for those who have it.

35
Q

What is the method, essence of method, and foundation of phenomenology? Give an example

A

Method: Phenomenological

Essence of Method:

Description of the individual’s “lived experience”

Foundation: Philosophy

36
Q

What is a case study?

A

The study of a selected phenomenon that provides an in-depth description of its dimensions and processes. The case study method investigates contemporary phenomenon over time to provide an in-depth description of essential dimensions and processes of the phenomenon.

37
Q

What is Community Based Participatory Research?

A
  • Assess the voice of the community in order to plan context specific appropriate action
  • Look – involve community
  • Think – think with community
  • Act- act with community
38
Q

What are some qualitative design sampling strategies?

A
  • Purposive Sample
  • Judgmental Sampling
    • Maximum Variation Sampling
    • Extreme Case Sampling
    • Typical Case Sampling
  • pportunistic Sampling
  • Snowball, Network or Chain Sampling
39
Q

When do you know when you are done collecting data for a qualitative research?

A

Sample Size = Data Saturation

N4512 Research Critique & Utilization (12 decks)

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