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N4512 Research Critique & Utilization > Exam 1 - Study Material (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Study Material (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an abstract?

A

It is a short comprehensive synopsis, or summary of a study at the beginning of an article, consisting of roughly 50-250 words

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2
Q

What are the different parts of an abstract?

A
  1. Research purpose
  2. Research questions and/or hypotheses
  3. Methodology
  4. Results
  5. Implications for practice or future research
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3
Q

What are clinical guidelines?

A

Systematically developed practice assessments that clinicians use for clinical decision making ** THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CLINICAL GUIDELINES **

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of clinical guidelines?

A
  1. Expert-developed guidelines 2. Evidence-based guidelines* * This is the best guideline to have
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5
Q

What are expert-developed guidelines?

A

Guidelines that are developed by an agreement of experts in the field

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6
Q

What are evidence based guidelines?

A

Guidelines developed using published research findings

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7
Q

What is critical appraisal?

A

A process of objectively and critically evaluating content for scientific merit and application to practice, theory, and education.

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8
Q

What is evidence based practice?

A

Conscious and judicious use of current and the best evidence in the care of patients and delivery of health care services, integration of clinical expertise and patient values (preferences).

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9
Q

What are the 5 steps of Evidence based practice?

A
  1. ASK- What aspect of my clinical practice am I interested.
  2. GATHER- Collect the best evidence.
  3. ASSESS & APPRAISE- literature relevant to question and population of interest
  4. ACT- Integrate and implement
  5. EVALUATE- Assess outcome(s)
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10
Q

What is the 1st step in developing evidence based interventions?

A

Be able to clearly read, understand and critique the literature: * RESEARCH ARTICLES? * CLINICAL ARTICLES? * CLINICAL GUIDELINES

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11
Q

What is an integrative review (Narrative review)?

A

It is a focused review and synthesis of research or theoretical literature in a particular focus area, and includes specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis

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12
Q

What are some components of an integrative review (Narrative review)?

A

* Is conducted w/o statistical analysis

* Allows for experimental & non-experimental designs to be assessed

* Can include both quantitative and qualitative articles.

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13
Q

What is the level of evidence model and what is it used for?

A

It is a rating system for judging the strength (quality, quantity, and consistency) of a research study and its findings.

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14
Q

What are the different levels of in the level of evidence model?

A

LEVEL 1* - Meta-analysis or systematic review of RCTs/ experimental studies

LEVEL 2 - Randomized controled trials or Experimental Studies

LEVEL 3 - Quasi-experimental studies

LEVEL 4 - Non-experimental studies

LEVEL 5 - Case reports, program evaluation, Systematic reviews of qualitative research

LEVEL 6 - Single descriptive or qualitative study

LEVEL 7 - Opinion of respected authorities

* This has the highest level of evidence

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15
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

A research method that takes the results of multiple studies (quantitative data) in a specific area and synthesizes the findings to make conclusions regarding the area of focus.

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16
Q

What is meta-synthesis?

A

A research method that involves a synthesis of a number of Qualitative studies using qualitative methodology and involves no statistics (no numerical data, etc).

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17
Q

What is quality improvement?

A

Systematic use of data to monitor outcomes of care processes as well as continuously improving the quality and safety of care.

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18
Q

What are the steps leading to quality improvement?

A
  1. Assessment of issue
  2. Setting goals for improvement
  3. Identify ideas for change of practice
  4. Decide how to measure improvement/change
  5. Rapid test of change
  6. Measure change-outcome
  7. Adapt change, assuming it is supported

Assessment -> Goals -> Ideas -> Decide -> Test -> Measure -> Change

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19
Q

What is the purpose of quality improvement?

A

It is aimed at improving clinical care outcomes for patients and better methods of system performance?

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20
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

The study of research questions about human experiences that is often conducted in natural settings, uses data that are words or text, rather than numerical, in order to describe the experiences that are being studied. ** Qualitative research studies do not have hypotheses, but have research questions and purposes ** * It is subjective * It is used to help understand experiences and phenomena that affect patients

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21
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

The process of testing relationships, differences, and cause and effect interactions among and between variables. ** These processes are tested with either hypothesis and/ or research questions.**

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22
Q

What are some characteristics of quantitative research?

A

* Hypotheses are stated or implied

* The terms control and treatment group appear

* The term survey, correctional, or ex post facto is used

* The term random or convenience is mentioned in relation to the sample

* Variables are measured by instruments or scales

* Reliability and validity of instruments are discussed

* Statistical analyses are used

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23
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

Summary and assessment of a group of quantitative studies on a focused clinical question**

* IF analysis uses quantitative analysis and analyses all studies as if one- Meta-Analysis

* IF it is a summary without an analysis- Systematic Review

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24
Q

What is research?

A

Systematic, controlled investigation of presumed relationships among variables

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25
Q

What is the purpose of research?

A
  1. DESCRIBE
  2. EXPLORE
  3. EXPLAIN
  4. PREDICT & CONTROL
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26
Q

What is the goal of nursing research?

A

To provide patients and their families Evidence-Based Practice

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27
Q

What are the 4 different levels of understanding for a critical reader?

A
  1. Preliminary - Familiarizing yourself with the content, skin the article
  2. Comprehensive - Understanding the researcher’s purpose or intent
  3. Analysis - Understanding the terms and parts of the study
  4. Synthesis - Understanding the whole article and each step of the research process in a study, assess the study’s validity
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28
Q

What is critique?

A

The process of critical appraisal that objectively and critically evaluates a research report’s content for scientific merit and application to practice.

29
Q

What is quality, in relation to a study?

A

The extent to which a study’s design, implementation, and analysis minimizes bias

30
Q

What is quantity, in relation to a study?

A

The # of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall sample size across studies, as well as the strength of the findings from the data analyses

31
Q

What is consistency, in relation to a study?

A

The degree to which studies that have similar and different designs, but investigate the same research question, report similar findings.

32
Q

What are the different parts of a research article?

A
  1. TITLE
  2. ABSTRACT
  3. INTRODUCTION
  4. PURPOSE
  5. LITERATURE REVIEW- THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
  6. QUESTIONS, HYPOTHESIS
  7. DESIGN
  8. SAMPLING
  9. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
  10. PROCEDURES AND COLLECTION METHODS
  11. DATA ANALYSIS/RESULTS
  12. DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
  13. REFERENCES
33
Q

What is the purpose of the introduction” section in a research article?”

A

Presents a background picture of the area researched and its significance to practice.

34
Q

The purpose” section in a research article intends to do what?”

A

It identifies the aims or objectives the investigator hopes to achieve with the research, NOT the question to be answered.

35
Q

What is the purpose of the literature review and theoretical framework” section in a research article?”

A

This section provides the main concepts investigated

36
Q

What is the purpose of the “research design” section in a research article?”

A

This section tells the reader if the study is qualitative or quantitative

37
Q

What is sampling” in relation to a research article?”

A

It is the population from which the sample was drawn and is discussed in the section methods” or “methodology”.

38
Q

What is the purpose of the reliability and validity” section in a research article?”

A

This section discusses the reliability (the consistency or constancy of a measuring instrument) and validity (the determination of where a measurement actually measures what it is purported to measure) of each instrument used in the study

39
Q

What is the purpose of the procedures and collection methods” section in a research article?”

A

This discusses the data collection procedures, or individual steps, taken by the researcher to gather measurable data.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the data analysis/results” section in a research article?”

A

This section provides the statistical tests used and the results of the descriptive and/or inferential tests applied in quantitative studies

41
Q

What is the purpose of the discussion” section in a research article?”

A

This section ties together all of the study’s pieces and gives a picture of the study as a whole. i.e. : The researchers go back and discuss who their study is similar to, or different from, other studies

42
Q

What is the purpose of the references” section in a research article?”

A

The main purpose of this section is to support the material presented by identifying the sources in a manner that allows for easy retrieval.

43
Q

What is a research question?

A

It presents the idea that is to be examined in the study and is the foundation of the research study; it is usually presented at the beginning of the research report to indicate the focus and direction of the study to the readers

* It is a question the researcher asks!

44
Q

What is a theory?

A

A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions

45
Q

What is a variable?

A

Something that varies Ex: # of pts on ventilators in critical care units that have pneumonia

46
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

Usually symbolized as “X” and is the variable that has the presumed effect on the dependent variable.

Ex: I want to make better grades so I read my textbook.

47
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A
  • Usually symbolized as “Y” and varies with a change in the independent variable
  • IT IS THE OUTCOME VARIABLE

Ex: I want to make better grades so I read my textbook.

48
Q

What is population?

A

A well-defined set that has certain specified properties Ex: Hispanics in the U.S., total # of people in the world,

49
Q

What must a scientific research question consist of structurally?

A

It must propose a relationship between an independent and dependent variable, and do this in such a way that it indicates the variables of the relationship can somehow be measured. (They must be testable) Ex: What are the relationships among maternal health practices, maternal fetal attachment, and adverse neonatal outcomes?

50
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A declarative statement about the relationship between **two or more **variables that predicts an outcome.

Ex: We hypothesize that CRF will increase gradually during concurrent chemoradiation therapy and it will be at its worst at the end of treatment deceasing thereafter but remaining a significant problem for at least the first year after treatment.​

51
Q

What is the function of a hypothesis?

A

It provides direction for the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and:

  • Seeks an answer to research question​
  • Tests the validity of the theory​
  • Connects theory with real world
52
Q

What are the characteristics of a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis must contain:

  1. A relationship statement - A declarative statement that identifies the predicted relationship between two or more variables, the independent variable and the dependent variable.
  2. Testability​ - Variables can be observed, measured and analyzed.
  3. Theory based - Hypotheses confirm or refute theories
53
Q

What are the different types of hypothesis?

A
  1. Statistical /Null Hypotheses​
  2. Research Hypotheses​
    1. ​Directional​
    2. Non-Directional​
54
Q

What is a research hypothesis?

A

A statement about the expected relationship of the variables and:

  • Indicates expected study outcome ​
  • Is directional or nondirectional​
  • Is supported if statistically significant findings are obtained​
  • States researcher’s expectation
55
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that specifies the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable

Ex: The rate of continuous smoking abstinence at 6 months postpartum, based on self-report and biochemical validation, will be significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group.

56
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that indicates a relationship exists between the variables, but does not specify the direction.

Ex: When students experience stress that influences their academic performance, they are vulnerable to stress

57
Q

What is a Statistical /Null Hypotheses​?

A

A hypothesis that states there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables and:

  • The null hypothesis is rejected​ if a statistically significant relationship is obtained in data analysis
    • Rejection of null hypothesis = acceptance of the research hypothesis​
  • Lacks a straightforward prediction

Ex: Oxygen inhalation by nasal cannula of up to 6 L/min does not affect oral temperature measurement taken with an electronic thermometer

58
Q

What are the differences between Directional and Nondirectional​ hypotheses?

A

Directional hypotheses:

  • Developed from sound theory base​
  • Potential for bias​
  • Data analysis more sensitive

Non-directional hypotheses:

  • Theory base may not be as developed​
  • Objective/Impartial​
  • Data analysis more sensitive​
59
Q

What is a clinical question?

A

A question that arises from clinical practice and guides the literature search for the best available evidence to answer the clinical question; It is the first step in the development of an evidence based practice answer.

The clinical question makes you a better nurse!

60
Q

What are the 4 components of a clinical question?

A
  1. Population - What group do I want information on?​
  2. Intervention - What event do I want to study?​
  3. Comparison - Compared to what? Better or worse than no intervention at all or than another intervention
  4. Outcome - What is the effect or intervention​?

Ex: Do children younger than 12 pose a higher infection potential for immunosuppressed patients than visitors older than 12?

61
Q

How would you critique a research question?

A

You would check to see that the research question is:

  • Introduced promptly​
  • ​Stated clearly and unambiguously​
  • Expresses the relationship between two or more variables or independent and dependent variables, implying testability
  • Specifies nature of studied population ​
  • ​Substantiated with experiential and scientific background material​
  • Within the context of appropriate theoretical framework
  • Feasibility is addressed​​
  • Significance, purpose, aims, or goals identified​
62
Q

How would you critique a Hypothesis?

A

You would evaluate for the following:

  • Directly relates to research question​
  • Concisely stated in declarative form​
  • Independent and dependent variables identified in hypothesis statement​
  • Measurable or potentially measurable variables​
  • Each hypothesis is specific
  • Stated in testable way​
  • Stated objectively, without value-laden words​
  • Clearly states direction of relationship​
  • Consistent with literature review
63
Q

What is the researcher’s role in critiquing a research article?

A
  • Define the research question​
  • ​Begin the literature review​
  • Examine the significance​
  • Determines feasibility​
64
Q

How is the significance of a research question measured?

A

It must be identified in terms of its potential contribution to patients, nurses, the medical community in gerneral, and society. It must also have potential for formulating or altering nursing practices or policies.

65
Q

What are the differences between hypotheses and research questions?

A

Hypotheses:

  • Are used in quantitative research research studies

Research questions:

  • Are used in exploratory, descriptive, and qualitative research studies
66
Q

How would you evaluate a research purpose?

A

How significant is it?​

  • Important to whom​
  • Does it results in change or support of practice​
  • Do results have theoretical relevance​
  • Do findings challenge untested assumptions​

How was the Research?​

  • Is it ethical​
  • Are variables be precisely defined & measured
67
Q

How are research questions created?

A
  • Practical experience​
  • Critical review of scientific literature​
  • Gaps in literature​
  • Interest in untested theory​
  • Or a “hunch”
68
Q

How are research questions refined?

A

Identifying variables:​

  • Relevance
  • Interest​
  • Measurable
  • Independent and dependent variables
  • Possibility of empirical testing of variables
69
Q

How would you evaluate a reseracher?

A
  • Defines a specific question area​
  • Reviewed relevant literature​
  • Examined question’s significance to nursing​
  • Pragmatically examined feasibility? Can it be done in that setting; once done can you use it in your setting

N4512 Research Critique & Utilization (12 decks)

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