Quiz 3 （not actually a thing) Flashcards
Assessment (definition)
A systematic evaluation and measurement of factors that are present in someone with a possible disorder.
What’s the purpose of assessment?
To provide a diagnosis that will inform treatment.
What errors do clinical psychologists try to avoid in diagnosis?
False positives or negatives (ehh?)
What is the process of assessing and diagnosing?
Starts with unstructured interview to collect broad information.Then narrow information to determine if any tests will help. Then diagnosis if fitting.
What 3 diverse aspects are useful for making a clinical assessment?
Contexts (eg. work, home, etc.), Perspectives (eg. individual, family, friends, etc.), and Levels (bio-psycho-social)
And different assessment tools.
Mental Status Exam (in clinical assessment)
The appearance and functioning of the patient. Not explicit, but simply how they are acting. (appearance, affect, cognitive processes, etc.)
Semi-structured interview
(what are the pros and cons?)
(DSM one is called what?)
Scripted questions to elicit useful information.
Pros: accomplishes its purpose
Cons: limits answers and loses spontaneity
eg. SCID (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM)
Reliability, Validity, and Standardization
Reliability: consistency for same individual across close points of time
Validity: how much a tool measures what it says it does
Standardization: norms for consistency across measurement occasions (eg. instructions for administration, norm scores, etc.)
Types of Self-Report Questionnaires for Clinical Assessment
1) Personality Inventories
2) Symptom measures (eg. Anxiety, Depression Inventories)
Neurophysiological Tests
for what disorders?
Tests for academic achievement, attention, memory, IQ, etc.
Used only for specific disorders like ADHD, dementia, etc.
What disorders are physical examinations used for?
Eating disorders, somatic disorders, etc.
Behavioral assessment
Examine behavior in a real-life setting (eg. ADHD in school)
Projective Tests
what tradition? assumptions? any good now?
criticisms and strengths
Psychoanalytic tradition. Assumes unconscious processes project through interpretation of ambiguous material.
Not widely used nowadays
Criticisms: Hard to standardize, weak reliability/validity
Strengths: gathers qualitative data, may be useful for rapport building
Psychophysiological Assessment
what use in clinical assessment?
Psychological and physiological functioning. How one affects other.
eg. EEG for sleep disorders
Neuroimaging
What use in clinical assessment?
Pictures of the brain in structural/functional ways. Used for neurological conditions or neurocognitive disorder
Diagnosis (definition)
The process of determining whether a problem meets specific criteria for a psychological disorder
Comorbidity
An individual meets the criteria for more than one disorder
Categorical vs. Dimensional approach to diagnosis
Categorical = binary and clear-cut (has or doesn’t have)
Dimensional = a continuum
What are two main classification systems for mental illnesses?
DSM-5 (APA) and ICD-11 (WHO)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
International Classification of Diseases
What are some strengths and weaknesses of the DSM 5?
Strengths:
- Clear guidelines of diagnosis.
- Reduces bias through a shared language
- Is updated based on research
Weaknesses:
- Categorical approach
- Requires updates
- Comorbidity is a problem
3 Main categories of research in psychopathology
1) Nature of problems (symptoms, classification)
2) Etiology/Causes
3) Treatment and outcomes
Statistical vs. Clinical significance
Statistical is about p-value (likelihood of the statistic not being due to chance)
Clinical is how it impacts practically or meaningfully
What can correlational research do for clinical psych research? What can’t it do?
It can determine risk factors, but not causes.
Doesn’t have to be cross-sectional data
Epidemiological Research (a type of what research?)
A type of correlational research
Uses large samples and looks at prevalence or incidence of a population
3 Types of Clinical Trials
All part of experimental research
Controlled Trial: Control and treatment group, but not randomized.
Randomized Control Trial: Randomized into control and treatment conditions.
Comparative Treatment Research: Compares 2 treatments (not just one treatment and one control)
Single Case Experiment
Repeated measure of the same individual
Withdrawal Design
A type of single-case design.
Gets baseline measurement, provides treatment, withdraws treatment, etc. and measures at each step.
Multiple Baseline Design
A type of single-case design.
Looks at treatment effects at multiple points based on an inital baseline.
Genetic Research
(what type of research question does it answer? what types of studies?)
Answers etiology questions.
Family studies: first-degree relatives
Adoption studies: adopted vs. biological siblings raised separately and compared.
Twin studies: identical vs. fraternal twins.
Genetic linkage or association: particular genes associated with behaviors/disorders
Cross-sectional cohort designs
Different age groups at the same time
Longitudinal designs (alternate name? what must be taken into account?)
Prospective design
Studies the same group over time. Take into account cross-generational effects
Universal Prevention
A type of prevention research, targeting risk factors but not specific people
Selective and Indicated Prevention
Selective: targets groups of people at risk
Indicated: targets specific individuals who show early signs of a disorder
2 purposes of cross-cultural research
Adaptation for different groups.
Find how culture influences psychopathology
Main finding in Moffitt Article (“How common are mental disorders”)
Diagnoses had higher prevalence rates (doubled) for those who were asked in shorter timeframes (longitudinally) verses those asked about a lifetime diagnosis (cross-sectional)
What’s division 12 APA?
what might be important for treatment?
Society of Clinical Psychology.
Has a page on psychological treatment with huge list
What was the purpose of the Moffitt article? (“How Common Are Mental Disorders?”)
To investigate undercounting of lifetime prevalence in mental disorders due to recall failure.
What method was used for the Moffitt article (“How Common Are Mental Disorders?”
Compared one longitudinal survey (Dunedin, 96% retention, n=1037) with 3 cross-sectional data (NZMHS, NCS, NCS-R)
What was the prevelance of the 4 disorders between ages 18 and 32 found in the Moffitt article using the prospective method?
Anxiety disorder (49.5%)
Depression (41.4% vs. 17-19% in retrospective.)
Alcohol Dependence (31.8%)
Cannabis Dependence (18%)
