Quiz 3 （not actually a thing)

Question 1

Assessment (definition)

Answer 1

A systematic evaluation and measurement of factors that are present in someone with a possible disorder.

Question 2

What’s the purpose of assessment?

Answer 2

To provide a diagnosis that will inform treatment.

Question 3

What errors do clinical psychologists try to avoid in diagnosis?

Answer 3

False positives or negatives (ehh?)

Question 4

What is the process of assessing and diagnosing?

Answer 4

Starts with unstructured interview to collect broad information.Then narrow information to determine if any tests will help. Then diagnosis if fitting.

Question 5

What 3 diverse aspects are useful for making a clinical assessment?

Answer 5

Contexts (eg. work, home, etc.), Perspectives (eg. individual, family, friends, etc.), and Levels (bio-psycho-social)

And different assessment tools.

Question 6

Mental Status Exam (in clinical assessment)

Answer 6

The appearance and functioning of the patient. Not explicit, but simply how they are acting. (appearance, affect, cognitive processes, etc.)

Question 7

Semi-structured interview

(what are the pros and cons?)

(DSM one is called what?)

Answer 7

Scripted questions to elicit useful information.

Pros: accomplishes its purpose
Cons: limits answers and loses spontaneity

eg. SCID (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM)

Question 8

Reliability, Validity, and Standardization

Answer 8

Reliability: consistency for same individual across close points of time

Validity: how much a tool measures what it says it does

Standardization: norms for consistency across measurement occasions (eg. instructions for administration, norm scores, etc.)

Question 9

Types of Self-Report Questionnaires for Clinical Assessment

Answer 9

1) Personality Inventories
2) Symptom measures (eg. Anxiety, Depression Inventories)

Question 10

Neurophysiological Tests

for what disorders?

Answer 10

Tests for academic achievement, attention, memory, IQ, etc.

Used only for specific disorders like ADHD, dementia, etc.

Question 11

What disorders are physical examinations used for?

Answer 11

Eating disorders, somatic disorders, etc.

Question 12

Behavioral assessment

Answer 12

Examine behavior in a real-life setting (eg. ADHD in school)

Question 13

Projective Tests

what tradition? assumptions? any good now?

criticisms and strengths

Answer 13

Psychoanalytic tradition. Assumes unconscious processes project through interpretation of ambiguous material.

Not widely used nowadays

Criticisms: Hard to standardize, weak reliability/validity
Strengths: gathers qualitative data, may be useful for rapport building

Question 14

Psychophysiological Assessment

what use in clinical assessment?

Answer 14

Psychological and physiological functioning. How one affects other.
eg. EEG for sleep disorders

Question 15

Neuroimaging

What use in clinical assessment?

Answer 15

Pictures of the brain in structural/functional ways. Used for neurological conditions or neurocognitive disorder

Question 16

Diagnosis (definition)

Answer 16

The process of determining whether a problem meets specific criteria for a psychological disorder

Question 17

Comorbidity

Answer 17

An individual meets the criteria for more than one disorder

Question 18

Categorical vs. Dimensional approach to diagnosis

Answer 18

Categorical = binary and clear-cut (has or doesn’t have)

Dimensional = a continuum

Question 19

What are two main classification systems for mental illnesses?

Answer 19

DSM-5 (APA) and ICD-11 (WHO)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
International Classification of Diseases

Question 20

What are some strengths and weaknesses of the DSM 5?

Answer 20

Strengths:
- Clear guidelines of diagnosis.
- Reduces bias through a shared language
- Is updated based on research

Weaknesses:
- Categorical approach
- Requires updates
- Comorbidity is a problem

Question 21

3 Main categories of research in psychopathology

Answer 21

1) Nature of problems (symptoms, classification)

2) Etiology/Causes

3) Treatment and outcomes

Question 22

Statistical vs. Clinical significance

Answer 22

Statistical is about p-value (likelihood of the statistic not being due to chance)

Clinical is how it impacts practically or meaningfully

Question 23

What can correlational research do for clinical psych research? What can’t it do?

Answer 23

It can determine risk factors, but not causes.

Doesn’t have to be cross-sectional data

Question 24

Epidemiological Research (a type of what research?)

Answer 24

A type of correlational research

Uses large samples and looks at prevalence or incidence of a population

Question 25

3 Types of Clinical Trials

Answer 25

All part of experimental research

Controlled Trial: Control and treatment group, but not randomized.

Randomized Control Trial: Randomized into control and treatment conditions.

Comparative Treatment Research: Compares 2 treatments (not just one treatment and one control)

Question 26

Single Case Experiment

Answer 26

Repeated measure of the same individual

Question 27

Withdrawal Design

Answer 27

A type of single-case design.

Gets baseline measurement, provides treatment, withdraws treatment, etc. and measures at each step.

Question 28

Multiple Baseline Design

Answer 28

A type of single-case design.

Looks at treatment effects at multiple points based on an inital baseline.

Question 29

Genetic Research

(what type of research question does it answer? what types of studies?)

Answer 29

Answers etiology questions.

Family studies: first-degree relatives
Adoption studies: adopted vs. biological siblings raised separately and compared.
Twin studies: identical vs. fraternal twins.
Genetic linkage or association: particular genes associated with behaviors/disorders

Question 30

Cross-sectional cohort designs

Answer 30

Different age groups at the same time

Question 31

Longitudinal designs (alternate name? what must be taken into account?)

Answer 31

Prospective design

Studies the same group over time. Take into account cross-generational effects

Question 32

Universal Prevention

Answer 32

A type of prevention research, targeting risk factors but not specific people

Question 33

Selective and Indicated Prevention

Answer 33

Selective: targets groups of people at risk
Indicated: targets specific individuals who show early signs of a disorder

Question 34

2 purposes of cross-cultural research

Answer 34

Adaptation for different groups.

Find how culture influences psychopathology

Question 35

Main finding in Moffitt Article (“How common are mental disorders”)

Answer 35

Diagnoses had higher prevalence rates (doubled) for those who were asked in shorter timeframes (longitudinally) verses those asked about a lifetime diagnosis (cross-sectional)

Question 36

What’s division 12 APA?

what might be important for treatment?

Answer 36

Society of Clinical Psychology.

Has a page on psychological treatment with huge list

Question 37

What was the purpose of the Moffitt article? (“How Common Are Mental Disorders?”)

Answer 37

To investigate undercounting of lifetime prevalence in mental disorders due to recall failure.

Question 38

What method was used for the Moffitt article (“How Common Are Mental Disorders?”

Answer 38

Compared one longitudinal survey (Dunedin, 96% retention, n=1037) with 3 cross-sectional data (NZMHS, NCS, NCS-R)

Question 39

What was the prevelance of the 4 disorders between ages 18 and 32 found in the Moffitt article using the prospective method?

Answer 39

Anxiety disorder (49.5%)
Depression (41.4% vs. 17-19% in retrospective.)
Alcohol Dependence (31.8%)
Cannabis Dependence (18%)