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Psychopathology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is shared for all depressive disorders?

A

Sad, irritable, empty mood

Impedes individual capacity to function

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2
Q

Why was disruptive mood dysregulation disorder added to DSM-5?

A

Concerns about overdiagnosis of bipolar in children who were experiencing extreme irritability

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3
Q

Children with severe irritability most fit which disorder?

And which disorder are they likely to be diagnosed with later on?

A

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

likely depression/anxiety, or maybe bipolar

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4
Q

How many settings must disruptive mood dysregulation occur in

A

2 or more

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5
Q

How many times a week outbursts must occur for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?

A

3 or more.

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6
Q

Which disorder is a leading cause of disability?

A

MDD

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7
Q

when does the first episode of depression typically occur?

A

adolescence or adulthood

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8
Q

Anhedonia

A

loss of pleasure in nearly all activities

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9
Q

What are the gender differences in MDD?

When do they emerge?

A

Much more female than male MDD prevalence.

Emerges in adolescence (around age 14)

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10
Q

How does puberty relate to MDD?

A

Likelihood of MDD onset increases with puberty.

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11
Q

What are the stats on improvement of symptoms for those with MDD since onset?

A

Within 3 months: 40% improve.

Within 1 year: 80% improve.

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12
Q

What’s heritability of MDD?

A

40%

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13
Q

What disorder often precedes persistent depressive disorder?

A

MDD

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14
Q

When was premenstrual dysphoric disorder added to DSM?

A

DSM-5

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15
Q

How is diagnosed usually confirmed for premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Prospective ratings over 2 cycles (mood and symptoms each day for 2 cycles)

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16
Q

List the 4 depressive disorders covered

A

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

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17
Q

What big categories are mood disorders?

A

Bipolar and Depressive.

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18
Q

What constitutes bipolar disorders?

A

Mood disorders with mania. (often with depression)

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19
Q

What are bipolar disorders considered in between?

A

Between depression and schizophrenia spectrum disorders

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20
Q

What is mania? (or manic episode)

What’s hypomania?

A

Period of persistently elevated, expansive, irritable mood. 1+ week

Hypomania is 4 consecutive days

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21
Q

Rather than being elevated, manic episodes can be experiences of _____

A

irritability.

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22
Q

Bipolar disorders must importantly not be better explained by what?

A

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

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23
Q

is bipolar I or II more common?

A

I

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24
Q

60% of people with bipolar II disorder have what?

A

3 or more co-occuring disorders.

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25
Q

What’s common medicine treatment for bipolar?

A

Lithium - reduce mania.

medications are first-line
anti-depressants if depressive symptoms.

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26
Q

which bipolar disorders have depressive symptoms?

A

bipolar ii or cyclothymic

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27
Q

what disorders use psychoeducation? learn more about their disorder

A

bipolar disorders, schizophrenia

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28
Q

Most effective therapies for bipolar disorders (3)

A

1) CBT
2) Family-focused
3) Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy.

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29
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder comorbids with what disorders?

A

sleep disorders or substance-related.

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30
Q

Suicidal ideation (definition)

what are the 2 subtypes?

A

Thinking about, planning, or considering suicide.

passive ideation: thoughts of death
active ideation: thoughts of methods, plans, intent to die

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31
Q

Suicide attempt (definition)

A

intent to die, but ended up non-fatal.

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32
Q

NSSI

A

non-suicidal self-injury

self-harm without the intent to die.

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33
Q

are there more suicides or homicides?

A

2x more suicides

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34
Q

What are STBs?

what psychopathology?

A

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
all kinds of psychopathology, not just mood disorders.

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35
Q

What are treatments to STBs? (3)

A

Risk assessment
safety planning
reduction of other symptoms

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36
Q

What’s safety planning?

A

An intervention for suicide.

Talk with patient of what to do when triggers, places to go, hotline, etc.

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37
Q

bipolar disorders covered

A

bipolar i
bipolar ii
cyclothymic disorder
substance induced whatevs.

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38
Q

what’s a substance use disorder?

A

problematic pattern of use leading to clinical impairment.
2 or more symptoms within 12-month period

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39
Q

What’s the problem with substance use and activation of reward system?

A

Substances might eventually produce such intense activation of reward system that normal activities no longer feel rewarding.

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40
Q

how many possible symptoms for SUDs?

A

11 possible. 2 of 11 is criteria.

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41
Q

What is the impaired control symptom in SUDs?

A

Cravings; all daily activities revolve around substance.

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42
Q

What is the social impairment symptom in SUDs?

A

Failure to fulfill role obligations at work/school/home due to use.

43
Q

SUD symptom: Failure to fulfill role obligations at work/school/home due to use.

A

social impairment

44
Q

SUD symptom: Cravings; all daily activities revolve around substance.

A

impaired control

45
Q

What is the risky use symptom in SUDs?

A

use of substance when physically hazardous and knowledge/experience of problems.

46
Q

SUD symptom: use of substance when physically hazardous and knowledge/experience of problems.

A

risky use

47
Q

What is the pharmacological criteria symptom in SUDs?

A

Tolerance and withdrawal

48
Q

SUD symptom: Tolerance and withdrawal

A

pharmacological criteria

49
Q

Substance use disorder severity

A

Mild: 2-3 symptoms
Moderate: 4-5
Severe: 6+

50
Q

past-year prevalence of SUD

A

7.4%

51
Q

What’s integrative model of substance-related disorders?

A

combines biological psychosocio influences on drug.

52
Q

What are substance use disorders comborbid with?

A

With each other (eg. alochol, weed, tobacco). Bipolar/schizo/depression/anxiety

53
Q

What’s aversive treatment for SUDs?

A

Drugs that make substances very unpleasant

54
Q

How effective are biological treatments for SUD?

A

Generally ineffective when alone.
Helps withdrawal symptoms.

55
Q

How do inpatient vs. outcpatient care treatment for SUDs compare?

A

Little diff.

56
Q

Component treatment

A

Used for SUDs.

Uses elements like psychotherapy and contingency mangement

57
Q

Motivational enhancement therapy

A

A type of psychosocio treatment for SUD

58
Q

Contingency management.

what is it? what disorder?

A

For SUDs. create plan with therapist to change behaviors using goals/rewards

59
Q

Gambling Disorder

what category? why?
what is it?

A

“Substance-use and addictive disorders”

Activate reward systems similar to psychoactive drugs.

behavioral symptoms are similar to SUDs

60
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A

Disorders of interpersonal functioning. How we understand self and others.

61
Q

How are PDs organized in DSM-5?

A

Section II (main part)
and Section III (emerging measures and models)

62
Q

Section II of DSM - PDs

What categories?

A

10 types with 3 categories:

A: odd or eccentric
B: dramatic, emotional, erratic
C: anxious or fearful

63
Q

What are problems with section II DSM on PDs

A

Lots of comorbidity, some low prevalence, some don’t meet criteria for one but have symptoms across.

64
Q

Section III of DSM on PDs

name? acronym? what it is. how PDs are viewed as?

A

Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD)

Overall personality disorder with 6 subtypes.

PDs are on dimension of severity.

65
Q

What are the 4 elements of personality functioning? where is this?

A

DSM-5 section III

Identity, self-direction, empathy, and initimacy

66
Q

Some researchers think what captures the ‘core’ of PDs? most representative.

A

BPD

67
Q

Define BPD

A

instability in interpersonal releationships. marked impusivity, instable self-image.

68
Q

How mayn sympotoms to meet criteria for BPD?

A

5/9

69
Q

How young can diagnose with BPD?

A

12-13 already validly can.

70
Q

is BPD untreatable?

A

no. severity goes down in 30s and 40s

71
Q

Suicide rate of BPD ppl

A

8%

72
Q

Treatments for BPD

A

DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)
MBT (mentalization based)
TFP (transference-focused)

73
Q

what is DBT?

A

Dialectical Behavior
aim to help accept and manage emotions.

74
Q

what’s MBT?

A

Mentalization Based
understand how their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors affect themselves and others

75
Q

TFP?

A

transference-focused psychotherapy

organize their sense of self and how they interact with others

76
Q

What are schizo spectrum and other psychotic disorders?

A

abnormalities in the 5 domains

delusions
hallucinations
disorganized thinking (speech)
disorganized motor behavior
negative symptoms

77
Q

What are delusions?

A

fixed beliefs that not changable in light of evidence.

78
Q

Bizzare delusions

A

Clearly implausible and not derived from life experiences.

79
Q

erotomanic delusions

A

belief that someone else is in love with them.

80
Q

belief that someone else is in love with them.

A

erotomanic delusions

81
Q

hallucinations

A

perception-like experiences without external stimulus.

82
Q

most common hallucination sense

A

auditiory

83
Q

Hallunications when are not considered a form of psychosis?

A

When asleep or waking up.

84
Q

3 types of disorganized speech/thinking

A

loose associations
tangential speech
incoherence

85
Q

Catatonic behavior

A

signifcant decrease in reactivity to nevironemnt.

86
Q

negative symptoms

A

lack of normally experienced things.

87
Q

avolition

A

decrease in motivated/purposeful activities

88
Q

alogia

A

decreased speech output

89
Q

How are schizo spectrum disorders ordered?

A

by increasing severity

90
Q

List the schizo spectrum disorders in order

A

Schizotypal PD
Delusional disorder
Brief psychotic disorder
Schizophrenia
Schizoaffective disorder

91
Q

Shizotypal PD is considered what type of disrder?

A

DSM-5: PD
ICD-11: schizo spectrum disorder

92
Q

delusional disorder

A

1+ delusions for 1+ months

no other symptoms of a schizophrenia specturm dsiroder.

93
Q

brief psychotic disorder

A

Less than 1 month. Any of the 5 main symptoms except negative bx.

94
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

at least 2 of the 5 symptoms.

1 to 6 months.

similar to schizo but less time.

95
Q

Schizophrenia

A

6+ months

1 month of active phase.

2 or more symptoms.

96
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

Requires 2 weeks where what?

A

Mood episode (mania/depression) and active psychotic symptoms.

Period of 2 weeks where delulu/hallucin are without mood ep.

97
Q

Gender diffs in schizophrenia

A

no

98
Q

What happens before onset of active psychosis for some schizo ppl?

A

majority have some slow and gradual development of symptoms:
social withdrawal, emotional changes, cognitive changes.

99
Q

Prodromal schizophrenia

what’s prodrome?

A

Period of decline leading up to the onset of psychotic episode.

prodrome is the time between behavioral/psych changes to onset of psychotic symptoms.

100
Q

What’s neurology of schizophrenia?

A

Cognitive impairment; brain differences in white/grey matter, reduced volume of brain, eye tracking diffs.

Many neurological signs

101
Q

Treatment for schizo

A

both pharma and behavioral treamtents recommended

antipsychotic medication

102
Q

what do antipsychotic medication do in NS

A

dopamine receptors.

103
Q

behavioral treatments for schizo

A

residental treamtent to stabalize, psychoeducation, social skills training, etc.

104
Q

schizo prevalence

A

.3-.7% lifetime.

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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