Quiz 3 Material Flashcards
Tendons composed of
Collagen fibers
Arrangement of ____ _____ gives muscles tensile strength
Collagen fibers
Tendons attach
Muscle to bone
Tensile strength
Load necessary to rupture a given material when pulled in the direction of its length and allows muscles to withstand amounts of pressure
5 Functions of tendons
- Improve leverage (concentrate force)
- Economize space and maintain limb conformity
- Absorbs shock/ limit potential damage to bone & muscle
- Flexible
- Tensile strength
Sharpey’s Fibers
Collagen fibers that penetrate deeply into cortical portion of the bone
Avulsion Fracture
Fragment of bone pulled out with collagen fibers during traction injury (due to Sharpey’s Fibers)
Innervation of a tendon is strictly
Afferent (sensory)
Bursa
Lubricating devices that develop between tendon and another structure to limit friction and inflammation
Filled with synovial fluid
Fascia
Connective tissue that separates muscles
Superficial Fascia
Deep to skin
Contains blood vessels, nerves, adipose tissue
Deep Fascia
Investing layer around a muscle (epimysium)
Intermuscular septum
Epimysium of one muscle meets epimysium of another
Retinaculum
Thickened band of deep fascia found at joints and functions to bind down tendons and nerves that cross joint
Parallel Fiber Arrangement
Fibers run whole length of muscle, parallel to long axis
Type II Fibers (power)
Pennate Fiber Arrangement
Fibers run oblique to long axis of muscle
Type I Fibers (endurance)
Unipennate Fiber Arrangement
Tendon lies along one side of muscle and fibers pass obliquely to tendon
Bipennate Fiber Arrangement
Tendon lies in center of muscle and fibers pass to it from each side
Prime Mover (agonist)
Muscle(s) most responsible for carrying out particular movement
Synergists (fixator)
Assist prime mover(s) in performing action by giving force for a movement, stabilizing joint, keeping bone of origin steady
Antagonist
Muscle that produces opposite effect from agonist
Atrophy
Muscles become smaller and weaker
Reciprocal Innervation
When muscle contracts, its antagonist automatically relaxes
Both agonists and antagonists contract at same time
Co-Reflex Phenomenon
Pathology of CNS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Pathology of PNS
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Pathology of NMJ
Myasthenia Gravis
Pathology of individual muscle fiber
Muscular Dystrophy
Ischemic Necrosis (ischemia)
Any diminishing of vascular supply to muscle, resulting in loss of fibers
Contracture
If a muscle remains contracted for prolonged period, it will develop persistent (permanent?) shortening
Satellite Cells
Undifferentiated myoblasts that regenerate injured muscle fibers
Satellite cells found…
Space between endomysium and sarcolemma
In Muscular Dystrophy, ___ ___ are prevented from replacing damaged muscle fibers
Satellite cells
Components of upper extremity
Shoulder (pectoral) girdle
Free limb
Shoulder girdle consists of
Scapula + clavicle
Free Limb consists of
Arm (brachium)
Forearm (antebrachium)
Hand (manus)
Main functions of the clavicle
- Transmit forces from upper extremity to axial skeleton
2. Acts as brace, holding arm free from rest of the body
Clavicle is transitional bone between:
Axial and appendicular skeleton
Ossification
Process of embryonic connective tissue being replaced by bone cells (osteocytes)
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone cells replace primitive type of connective tissue (mesenchyme)
Axial Bones
Endochondral Ossification
Bone cells replace very well developed type of connective tissue (hyaline cartilage)
Appendicular Bones
_____ is the first bone to undergo ossification
Clavicle
Clavicle has ____ primary ossification centers
2
Clavicle primary ossification is _____
Intramembranous
Clavicle secondary ossification center is ____
Endochondral
_____ is one of the last bones to complete ossification
Clavicle
The ____ is one of the most frequently fractured bones
Clavicle
Cleidocranial Dysostosis
Autosomal dominant hereditary condition in which ossification is defective
Clavicle is missing or abnormally formed (bilateral in most)
Scapula is found:
Between T1-T7
Ossification of scapula formed from
7 ossification centers (1 primary & 6 secondary)
Primary center of ossification in the scapula occurs in ____
Body of bone - Fossa & spine
6 secondary ossification centers of scapula
2 for acromion process
2 for coracoid process
1 for medial border
1 for inferior angle
Clinical Arm
Acromion process of scapula to epicondyles of humerus
Fracture of the scapula usually results from
Severe direct trauma
The ____ ____ is the most commonly fractured part of the scapula
Acromion process
Sprengel’s Deformity
Undescended scapula brought about by attachment to cervical vertebrae by either bone, cartilage, or fibrous attachment
Usually unilateral
Os Acromidae
Failure of acromion process to fuse with rest of the bone
Area fills with connective tissue
