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Gross Anatomy > Exam 3 Material > Flashcards

Exam 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of lower extremity

A
  1. Support body weight
  2. Province stable foundation while standing
  3. Allow locomotion
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2
Q

Bones are ___ and ___ with well marked areas for muscular and ligamentous attachment

A

Heavier

Stronger

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3
Q

Joints are __ and ___ with good bony configurations

A

Stronger

More stable

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4
Q

Muscles are ____ and less capable of ______

A

More powerful

Delicate movement

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5
Q

Fewer ____ nerve fibers

A

Sensory

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6
Q

Blood vessels are ___

A

Larger

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7
Q

Single bone of pelvis

A

Innominate bone

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8
Q

Innominate bone articulates with

A

Sacrum
Femur
Other innominate bone

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9
Q

Each innominate bone consists of

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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10
Q

Large depression on lateral aspect of each innominate

A

Acetabulum

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11
Q

Head of femur and ___ form hip joint

A

Acetabulum

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12
Q

Lunar surface

A

Horseshoe shaped articular surface of acetabulum

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13
Q

Transverse acetabular ligament

A

Spans acetabular notch

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14
Q

Largest and uppermost portion of bone of pelvis

A

Ilium

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15
Q

3 oblique gluteal lines on ilium

A

Anterior
Posterior
Inferior

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16
Q

Iliac fossa

A

Internal surface of ilium

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17
Q

Iliac tuberosity

A

Area where ligaments attach

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18
Q

Auricular suface

A

Where each innominate articulates with sacrum

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19
Q

Arcuate line

A

Marks boundary between major or false pelvis from minor or true pelvis

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20
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A

Hamstring muscles originate

Bears weight of body when sitting

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21
Q

Pubis symphysis

A

Articulates with pubis from opposite innominate

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22
Q

Obturator foramen

A

Opening found at inferior aspect of each innominate

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23
Q

Obturator membrane

A

CT that closes obturator foramen

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24
Q

False/major pelvis

A

Helps support and protect abdominal viscera

Boundaries: lumbar vertebrae, ilium, abdominal wall

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25
Q

True/minor pelvis

A

Surrounds birth canal in females

Boundaries: sacrum, coccyx, ilium, ischium, pubis

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26
Q

Functions of pelvic bone

A 
Protects pelvis viscera 
Transmits body weight 
Absorbs stress
Allows locomotion 
Bony support for birth canal
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27
Q

Android pelvis

A

Typical male pelvis

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28
Q

Gynecoid pelvis

A

Typical female pelvis

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29
Q

Anthropoid pelvis

A

Exaggerated male pelvis

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30
Q

Platypelloid pelvis

A

Exaggerated female pelvis

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31
Q

Fractures of pelvis common at

A

Pubic rami
Acetabulum
Sacroiliac joint
Lateral aspect of ilium

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32
Q

Pelvis suffers fractures in two places

A
  1. Where force directly applied

2. 180 degrees opposite from initial fracture

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33
Q

High ___ and ___ rate associated with pelvis fractures due to hemorrhagic shock and pelvic organ damage

A

Morbidity

Mortality

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34
Q

Hip pointers

A

Common painful contusion injury of soft tissue associated with iliac crest

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35
Q

___ primary ossification centers in pelvis

A

3 (one for ilium, ischium, pubis)

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36
Q

__ secondary centers of ossification in pelvis

A

5

Iliac crest, AIIS, ischial tuberosity, pubis symphysis, center of acetabulum

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37
Q

Pelvic bone completes ossification between

A

20 and 22 years

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38
Q

Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body

A

Femur

39
Q

Femur transmits weight from pelvic bone to

A

Tibia

40
Q

Fovea capitis of femur is attachment site for

A

Capitis Femoris ligament

41
Q

Angle of inclination

A

Angle made when neck of femur meets shaft of bone

42
Q

Femur has ___ primary centers of ossification

A

1

43
Q

Femur has __ secondary centers of ossification

A

4

Head, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, distal end (condyles and epicondyles)

44
Q

Angle of inclination is greatest at ___

A

Birth (145 degrees)

45
Q

Normal angle of inclination in adults

A

125 degrees

46
Q

Angle of inclination allows for _____ by increasing leverage of muscles that attach to proximal part of femur

A

Greater mobility at hip joint

47
Q

Angle of inclination is an advantage for bipedalism, but puts considerable ___ on neck of femur

A

Stress

48
Q

Coxa Valga

A

Increase in angle of inclination

Can occur with developmental dysphasia of hip

49
Q

Coxa Vara

A

Decrease in angle of inclination

Occur in fractures to proximal part of femur due to rickets

50
Q

Subcapital fractures

A

Fracture through neck of femur

“Broken hip”

51
Q

Subcapital fractures are common in older adults suffering with

A

Osteoporosis

52
Q

Subcapital fractures may interrupt blood supply to femoral head, leading to

A

Avascular necrosis

53
Q

Head of femur supplied by

A

Obturator artery

54
Q

Neck of femur receives blood from branches of

A

Femoral artery

Medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries

55
Q

Patella

A

Large sesamoid bone that develops in common tendon of insertion of quadriceps

56
Q

Main function of patella

A

Gives additional leverage to quads during last part of leg extension

Increase power of extension

57
Q

Ossification of patella begins from __ center that appears in year ___

A

1

3

58
Q

Patella fractures

2 types

A

Direct trauma

Indirect trauma

59
Q

Direct trauma

A

Comminuted fracture of patella

60
Q

Indirect trauma

A

Result of quads contracting suddenly and causing transverse fracture through body of bone

61
Q

Symptoms of fractured patella

A

Severe pain
Swelling and tenderness
Inability to carry out extension at knee joint

62
Q

Patella emarginata

A

Superior lateral portion of bone remains unossified

63
Q

Bipartite/ tripartite patella

A

Superior lateral portion of patella ossifies independently

64
Q

Bipartite/ tripartite patella occurs in ___ of population

A

3%

65
Q

Chondromalacia

A

Softening and fissuring of articular cartilage on posterior aspect of patella

66
Q

___ is common in young adults

A

Chondromalacia

67
Q

Symptoms of chondromalacia

A

Dull pain around or under patella that worsens with exercise

68
Q

Fascia Lata

A

CT (deep fascia) of thigh region that prevents quads from bulging outward during contractions

69
Q

Function of fascia Lata

A

Enhance effectiveness of contraction of quads

70
Q

Thickened lateral aspect of fascia Lata

A

Iliotibial tract

71
Q

Iliotibial tract receives insertions from

A

Tensor Fascia Lata

Gluteus Maximus

72
Q

Opening found in proximal anterior aspect of fascia Lata

A

Saphenous opening

73
Q

Saphenous opening allows ____ to reach femoral vein

A

Great saphenous vein

74
Q

Iliotibial Band Syndrome

A

Overuse syndrome occurring at distal end of IT band

Repetitively rubs over lateral condyle of femur = irritating and inflaming Bursae

75
Q

Symptoms of ITBS

A

Stinging pain at lateral aspect of knee

Worse when running up or down hills or climbing stairs

76
Q

Movements of femur at hip joint

A 
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension 
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral rotation
Medial rotation
77
Q

Tendon of insertion of iliacus fuses with tendon of insertion of psoas major to form

A

Iliopsoas

78
Q

Occupies iliac fossa

A

Iliacus

79
Q

Weakness of Psoas major/iliacus results in

A

Disability in stair climbing, walking up inclines, getting up from reclining position

80
Q

Disease or inflammation of abdominal structures may result in pain of ___/ ___ when contracting

A

Psoas major/ iliacus

81
Q

Muscle missing in about half of population (unilaterally or bilaterally)

A

Psoas minor

82
Q

Psoas minor is often mistaken for

A

Genitofemoral nerve

83
Q

Mammals with lots of flexion in lumbar vertebrae have well developed

A

Psoas minor

84
Q

Longest muscle in body

A

Sartorius

85
Q

Patellar ligament

A

Runs from apex of patella to tibia

86
Q

Largest of quads

A

Vastus Lateralis

87
Q

Most superficial of quads

A

Rectus Femoris

88
Q

Articularis genu

A

Distinct bundle of muscle fibers that separates from deepest layers of vastus intermedius and becomes separate muscle

89
Q

Atrophy of quads will result in difficulty

A

Extending leg against resistance

Will usually press on distal end of femur during walking to prevent flexion

90
Q

Strength of knee is significantly dependent on

A

Quads

91
Q

Weakness of quads may result in abnormal __ ___ and loss of joint ____

A

Patellar moments

Mobility

92
Q

Charley horse

A

Cramping or spasm of quads

May also indicate trauma to muscles

93
Q

Jumper’s knee

Patellar Tendonitis

A

Painful overuse injury of common tendon of insertion of quads and/or patellar ligament

94
Q

Patellar reflex tests segmental innervation of

A

L2, L3, L4

Gross Anatomy (18 decks)

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