Quiz 2 - post Exam Flashcards
What makes a good quality daycare?
5 factors
- people like there jobs, clean, ratio of kids - babies, age appropriate toys, structure activities.
Daycare Research
- social development (externalizing behaviors)
- cognitive development - advanced in high quality daycares
- physical development (kids get sick more, OM, flue, cold, covid, problematic in daycares bigger than 6)
- one study showed possible higher cortisol levels because of stress
Attachment disorders
Why? - deprivation, neglect, abuse, congenital issue
Treatment? assessment to see issue solution, encourage caregiver to provide predictability, have parents engage with baby during alert - activity, making sure babies adress kids medical NEEDS, cleanliness, if congenital, early remediation.
Erikson
- trust vs mistrust - trust, parents respond when baby needs them, predictable = trust
- autonomy vs shame and doubt, beginning sense of autonomy
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
Theory of Mind
- understanding of our mental states
- understanding of others mental states
- tested with fasle belief tasks
- tested with smarties test
- a kid given smartie box, asked what is in the box, pencils in box, researcher asks kids what they think is in the box says “pencils”
- though they always kknew it was pencils
- idea that what they know know you know- piaget called this egocentrism
- kids with austism struggle with this
Immunizations
- by the time children go to school recieve, between 25-30 vaccines
- ny vaccinations about 73%
- US average about 73&
- some parents are frightened about possible side effects
Detheria Tetnus (DTP)
- bacterial infection, 1/2 people die, young and elderly, tetenus = muscle spasm. from soil
MMR
- measles, rash, aches, pains, flu - like, 1/1,000 develop brain sweling die, airborne,
mumps - 200,000 cases a year 20-30 die, inflammation on jaw glands, infect testicles, sterile
Rubella - outbreaks in 60s, teratogenic, 30,000 kids effected
IPV
- polio, feared, paralysis/death in kids, families quarentiened
HIB
- flu, can be serious in kids, complication - meningitis, declined, 98%
Hepititus B
- infection of liver, transmitted from bodily fludids, sex, mom to baby, needles, infected ifnants, chronic liver, cancer
Hepatitis A
- impacts liver, transmitted from fecal oral, sometimes reasturants
Chickenpox
- herpes virus, previously viewed as not a big deal, itchy goes dormant, unitl immune system compromised - shingles,
Flu
- see it every year, CDC tries to predict what will be dominat in winter, 140,000 hospitalizations, complications = dehydration, phenomena
Phnemoccal
- bacteria spread by coughing and sneezing, leads to phenomena, OM rates dropped
What would happen if more U.S parents chose not to vaccinate?
- currently with 75% vaccinated we have herd immunity
- 13-20k cases of polio
- 3-4 million cases of measles
- 20k cases of invasive HIB
- 150-260k cases of pnemoccal
Autism and vaccinations
- many parents suggest there is a link between MMR vaccine and autsim, to date medical reserarch has shown NO link
Taylor, 1999, Autism Study
- no step up diagnosis prior/after MMR vaccine
- developmental regression NOT clustered in the months after vaccination
Wakefield 1998-
published a study of 8 kids who developed Autism after MMR vaccine, he had wanted to promote his own vaccination, study was not correct, license retracted 2010, used to prove anti vax parents points, study retracted, he lost his license in 2010
Vaccine Hesitancy
cognitive dissonance
- unable to distinguish what info is reliable, when you look up info on internet, So much info,
Dunning Kruger Effect
knowledgeable, person thinks they know everything, non experts think they are experts
Survivorship Bias -
you look at ppl that survived, those who didn’t invisible, Illusory correlations- perceiving that a relationship exists between variables, “phantoms:, relationships that don’t really exist, absolutely fine got vaxxed, then symptoms to Autism
Omission Bias -
aking risk of disease over risk of getting vaxxed, one reason because when you go to get vax, get list of side effects potentially
Neglect probability
tendency to completely disregard probability, when making a decision vaccinated, but still getting covid -> don’t work
Vaccine Hesitancy Post covid- he et al (2022),
252 participants, found increased childhood vaccine hesitancy, increased anxiety about vaccines, but didn’t result in a decreased attempt to vaccinate, household income = higher than 50k-90k dollars, decreased childhood vaccine hesitancy.
Cognitive Development in Early Childhood -
- Piaget focused on pre operations, believing you could look at drawings to assess development.
Hogbart and Brooks
- raised their child with no representational images, no TV, images, etc, tested their kid, kid had no trouble identifying pictures.
Hagen’s theory -
- no development, cultures and individuals use any of the three equally valid systems, metric, Affine, projective
The last supper
= projective system - you can see convergence
Piaget’s theory of drawing
3 stages of development, Synthetic incapacity = on simple relationships shown, things aren’t synthetically relationship, early tadpole
Intellectual Realism -
draw what they know rather than what they see, legs in back, not hidden for depth, show them all
Visual Realism
pretty, accurate with perspective and depth seen
Hagen vs piaget
hagen would say there does not appear to be development BUT there do not appear distinct phases, there is a wide range of individual differences in drawings
Emotional and Social learning play
play involved cognitive and social development,
Unoccupied play
play mat, kicking feet, rattles, hand eye coordination, Babies Solitary Play - bounce ball, put toys in bucket, puzzle, rocking teddy bear, NOT capable of of playing with another kids, don’t want to share,
Onlooker play
like to watch older kids, play but won’t engage in younger sibling, watching older sibling play
Parallel Play
two kids playing but they don’t interact, both doing a thing, but not together, not sharing
Cooperative Play
doing/playing together, share a common goal
Sensorimotor pLay Function play
- mostly unoccupied play,
Constructive play
building something, legos,
social Play
any play happening, with other ppl interacting, Dramatic Play has a theme, inspired by media.
Games
board games, rules, structures, winner and loser
Sexually Differentiated Biology
- there are not really two discrete biological boxes, sexual differentiation is messy, binary sex is constructed, movement from the terms “biological sex” to “sex traits:
“Biological sex isn’t simple”
- ppl try to make it simple, has multiple layers, layers may all be consistent but sometimes they are not
Fausto sterling 2012 -
chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, ovaries, testes, neither, both, Hormonal sex = estrogen related hormones, androgen, both produced by both, Internal reproductive sex, brain sex.
External Structures
- parallel structures/development, when a child is born and even before, we often look at the genitals for info about their possible sex
- we are, as a culture a kind of obsessed with kids genitals
Sexual differentiation of body
- the fetus is “unsexed” in early development, all fetuses have primordial gonads and wolfian duct systems
- mullerian ducts become the female reproductive tract
- wolfian ducts become the female reproductive tract
- in absence of SRY, ovaries develop around 6 weeks
Multiple Paths
- many kids are born intersex
- about 1 in 1500 kids are intersex
- if baby isn’t having trouble peeing, you can do nothing
Congenital Adrenal Hyperlasia
- in some situations, females genetically fetuses are exposed to androgens
- parents generally favor early reassignment
Spatial Ability in CAH
- different spatial abilites, mental rotation
-historically men tend to do better - ppl who identify as men spatial ability in one hemisphere
- ppl who identify as women spatial ability is bilateral
- can find more kids upset with surgery than happy
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
- x linked recessive condition
- XY chromosomes body is immune to androgens
- develop testes, but body doesn’t react
- normally if everything looks fine don’t do extensive testing
- at puberty doesn’t menstruate because they have testes inside, could become cancerous
- identify as female tend to femine
5 alpha reductase
- feminized phenotype at birth, and appearance of testicles around puberty
- 18 cases, 16 socialized as boys, easily went against idea of gender neutrality
- suggested biology trumps, socialization
Sex chromosome conditions - turner’s syndrome
- alot of pregnancies spontaneously terminate
- not identified at birht, 100k females, a bit of webbing between neck and shoulders
- don’t typically develop secondary sex conditions either, unless get hormones
Turner syndrome and Gender issues
- “tuner” nuerocognitive phenotype, unable to spatially organize/do spatial tasks
Sex chromosome conditions - klinefeller’s syndrome
- XX and Y often people go unidentified in cognitive abilities
- reading difficulties, lower verbal IQ
- extra chromosome, changes = female body fat distributions, fat deposits on legs, butt, chest, if gender development male very unwelcome.
Gender identity
- knowledgable of being female, male, bi, neither
Gender identity disorder/dysphoria
- alot has to do with our bias on people
gender role
- attiude, behaviors beliefs, assigned to each gender based on reproductive sex
Gender stereotypes
women are like this, males are like this
- letting kids choose there own gender, not assigning pronouns
Issues with gender binary
- big issues, transgender people face, staggering levels of bullying.
