Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Biological moral development theory

Answer 1

altruism = when people help other people without regard to there own safety, altrusim in animals have developed some sense of it whales saving dolphins from sharks humans on highway moving turtles

Answer 2

phallic period - boys superergo forms during oedipus conflict girls superego forms during electra conflict - freud though girls has weaker superego

Answer 3

stages Moral reaslism: (4-7 years) = focus on rules as unchangable not much understanding of inteiton 1st story- kid wants a cookie, mom says no, gets on counter to steal cookie, breaks a cup 2nd story - kid hits swinging door, knocks over moms china collection kids asked what is worse say 2nd one, because broke 12 cups belief in imminent justice - when you can do something bad, will get punished Morality of reprocity (10 years and up) understand that rules can be changed understand intention stressed importance of peers

Answer 4

assessed moral reasoning using a series of moral dilemma Heinz Dilemmna - heinz wife has a rare form of cancer, drugist in town, found cure, drug was really expensive, asked to only pay half, drugist said no developed a hierarchial stage thoery Level 1: preconventional a) obedience punihsment people in moral situaitons, behave because of punishment, particularly physical b.) marketplace bargaining stage, if you do this, you get that Level 2 conventional a). good girls/good boy worried about how family and friends will feel b) social order maintaining focused on laws and rules very concerned rules are not changeable Level 3: Principal a) social contrac t we make rules that are best for people we have bad laws we can change them b) indiviudal principles internalized own moral systems don’t care what others think If “I was heinz) ONLY TESTED ON BOYS

Answer 5

focused on women believes there are gender differences in moral reasoning males see the world as a hierarchy of power ## females see world as a series of interconnected relationships

Answer 6

moral reasoning and moral behavior are related at the higher level of moral thinking much of moral reasoning remain impulsive many other factors affect moral behavior emotionally, personal history, pay off

Answer 7

commitment to a ideological stance vocation sexual orientation but it is way more often than that

Answer 8

trust vs mistrust (1st year) autonomy vs shame and doubt(1-3 years) - initative vs guilt (3-5) industry vs inferiority (6- puberty) - identity vs role confusion (10-20 someone forces indedity on you can lead to role confusion - intimacy vs isolation (20- 30_ romantic, siblings generativity vs stagnation - ego integrity vs despair (60s on) - lots of regrets

Answer 9

erikson looked specifically crisis crisis and commitment crisis leads to exploration 4 identity statuses identity diffusion (no cruss, no commitment) identity foreclosure (commitment, no crisis) idenitty moratrium ( in crisis, no commitment) identity achievemnt (crisis and have commited) could be stage like progression but doesnt have to be

Answer 10

conducted focus groups with recently graduated adults aged 19022 asked to described peer crowds from high school identified 12 peer crowds rise in academic anxiety in compared to earlier studied fear of “loners” qualitative study asked to define cliques, goth, druggies, stoners, nerds, rise in academic anxiety in comparison to earlier studies intense fear of “loners” about potential violence.

Answer 11

are small groups of about 5-7 adolescents early in adolescence cliques are same sex later in adolescence mixed sex cliques can be identified by there interests and status cliques may join together to form crowds parenting types may influence the type of clique/crowd adolescents join

Answer 12

factors personality = shy, introverted family = strong expectations, can lead to identity foreclosure teachers = teachers recognize something special in student gender stereotypes = specific genders pushed to certain jobs

Answer 13

realistic = things you can put your hand on tools, animals, plants, livestock, farmer, gardner, vet investigative = problem solving, math, science, don’t like sales, STEM kids, see themselves as precise, scientist, academic c, nueroscience Artistic = creative, arts, drama,a dance, music, artisan work, kinetic, don’t like ordered and repetitive activities Social = like people want to help people don’t like machines, good communicators, see themselves helpful, outgoing, teacher, counselor, nurses, social work enterprising = people create environment, around them, lead people, sell ideas, selling things, politics, business, persuasive, CEOs, directors Conventional = like data, numbers, quiet, careful, task oriented, like enviorment to be controlled, records, post office, clerk, admin, one of the most prevelant

Answer 14

male dominated professions, increase but stereotypical female professions are still staying around same we have been supporting women in STEM, but not in women dominated fields

Answer 15

when people go to a specific field women in psych men in engineering

Answer 16

medicine people who become doctors almost event nuerosurgeon = male dominated pediatrics = female dominated professors w/tenure = male adjuncts = women

Answer 17

women earn 76.5 cents to a male dollar but women who have never had children aged (27-33) earn 98 cents on the male dollar

Answer 18

many careers require strong math background engineering computer science physical science business finance

Answer 19

sexual orientation involves romantic feelings, attraction, lifestyle gender identity gender role = attitudes, behaviors, defined with each biological sex, appearance has gotten stronger

Answer 20

continuum idea straight, gay, lesbian, bi other 3% odd way back in 40s in depth face to face, interviews, with males 1953 - white women published people were angry because of sexual attitudes in women people still don’t want to hear about it HUGE sample, but not diverse sexual orientation exists, NOT in exclusive boxes, but a continuem, even though collected this data, people still collect data with other

Answer 21

more complex fantasy, past, present 8% checked something other than straight 20% of women check something other than straight for women has steadily increased

Answer 22

psychoanalytic - freud thought everyone born with bisexual, sexual orientation developed in phallic period (4-6) this fairly confirmed with research disturbing legacy, people think sexual orientation has something to do with parenting

Answer 23

used a path analysis model sexual orientation determined by adolescence, although many people may not be sexually active people found heterosexual experiences ungratifying link to gender non conformity identification with parents had little to no impact positive role models, important for resilience it gets better program, celebrities describe adolescent vs now final conclusion hinted at possibility of a biological basis for sexual orientation

Answer 24

we use guidelines of our culture to determine sexual orientation cultural discourse message influences ancient rome, physical/romantic, relationships with men and women, compared to U.S with negative outlook

Answer 25

biological determinants brain (levay) = looked at hypothalmus, men and women, self identified as straight/gay , found area with different size, area smaller in gay men than straight men, gay men = same size straight women, not all biological genetics = evolutionary adaptation hormones

Answer 26

boys with more femine finger proportions, more likely to be gay boys with longer index fingers = more emotional study went to street fair, talked to people had them self disclose sexual orientation, women who justified as lesbian had longer ring than index 2 science journals published that exposure to male hormones may impact sexual orientation

Answer 27

gay lefties 34% more likely to straight men lesbian 9% more likely than straight women

Answer 28

lippa 23% of gay men had counterclockwise hair whorl compared to 10% straight men

Answer 29

sexual orientation believed to be related to number of older brothers each older brother increased chances of being gay by 30% HY antigens hypothesis = HY antigens, produced by mom pass through placenta, influence sexual orientation in female brain, brith weight changes with multiple boys, baby weighs less and less

Answer 30

exotic becomes erotic starts with biology -baby in eutero born, biological differences boys = biggers, longer, more active girsl = smaller, shorter, more passive period in childhood develop = gender play but not everyone BEM says who is around you friends, not particularly interesting, until during puberty those who are not around become interesting. girls who hang around boys, girls become erotic

Answer 31

-identity confusion - identity comparison - identity tolerance - identity acceptance - identity pride - identity synthesis - criticized by how negative early stages are

Answer 32

cultural perception role models support systems - safe spaces safety concerns - not being bullied

Answer 33

adams wright and Lohr penile plethsymorgrath -study of men, gave index of homophobia, traditional homophobia had participants who scored high and low on homophobia had them watch varied porn men and women, men and men, women and women measured erections found guys that scored highest for homophobia scored high for all, guys who scored low for homophobia had response to Men and women, and women and women.

Answer 34

relationship counseling - would give HW to show how much they love there others - wife put card on pillow - wife said husband didn't do HW - but he did, fixed car stereo two love - expresive and instrumental

Answer 35

expressing feelings, gift giving, love letters, more common in females

Answer 36

- gift giving, fixing something, having sex,doing something together, more common in male

Answer 37

thrill of the chase, excitement- game playing, forming, starting romantic relationships - don't see alot of investment, commitment

Answer 38

- passionate love - lust - emphasis on physical beauty - tend to fizzle out - because most relationships can't maintain high level of passion

Answer 39

- love built on friendship - develops into romantic attraction - hallmark movie style of love

Answer 40

- maniac - intense feelings, lack of trsut - checking phone, texts, stalking - lots of jealousy attempts to control - obsessive

Answer 41

- practical love - meets criteroa - good parent, provider - same religon/culture - right career - arranged marriages

Answer 42

- self sacrificing love - your partners happiness more important than your own - giving, not taking

Answer 43

purposefully vague, without labels

Answer 44

- intitially kids dating as a form of socialization - parent chaperoned - form of recreation, dating is social - as we get more late in development, more courtship behaviors - no serious courtship until late 20s - lots of discousrse = wait until marraige, but most sexual media culture ever - officially people aren't supposed to be having sex but they are - people will become exclusive, engage, marry

Answer 45

- in histroy one man with multiple wife - looking at high rates of infidentlty, may seem that we aren't

Answer 46

- breaking the promise to remain faithful to a partner, say they are exclusive - 20% of men - 13% of women - 60% of gay male relationships are open - lesiban relationships have low infidentlity - often having sex with someone that isn't spouse, or partner - 16% of married couple - longer relationship more likely infidenlity will ocurr - often doesn't lead to a break up = people who are unfaithful. once, 3x mroe likely to do it again - people who engage in infidelity don't take accountabilituy, blame partner

Answer 47

- unspoken flirting with another person

Answer 48

- 181 BU students - completed survey about sexual relationships -= swabbed cheek - screened for DRD4 gene on chromosome 1 - associated with alchol, risk taking - looked at relationships to infidelity - results = folks who had gene, more likely to report promiscous encountres - higher number of sexual partners - no differences in gender - "the slut gene" - impulsive sexual behavior related to gene associated with impulse control

Answer 49

- everybody in relationships knows everyone, have rules they agreed on

Answer 50

- cultures with multiple husbands, husbands often related, exists in places with lack of women

Answer 51

sexual behavior with people they don't have emotional relationships, only sexual

Answer 52

- folks that have committed relationships but engage in sexual relationships with others

Answer 53

- brief uncommited sexual encounters among individuals who are not romantic partners, or dating each other -60%-80% of college students hook up - in recent years only 43% - decrease in sexual behavior, study after study

Answer 54

- parties -67% - dorms 57% - bars/clubs 10% - other - 35%

Answer 55

- sort of feel under confused on labels - living together and having sexual relationships - part of courtship, trial marriage, alternative to marriage

Answer 56

- cohabitated because not able to marry in Iceland - rates greatly increased

Answer 57

- have traditional gender roles - men who are breadwinner, decision makers - women, often stay at home moms, do house work - seeing uptick in media of traditional marriage - privileged people marriage

Answer 58

- shows traditional role but tend to be more androgynous than married partners - cohabitations tends to be more varied in patterns - partners report being equally satisfied with marriage and cohabitation - cohabitation does not have long term effects on later marital happiness

Answer 59

- parents working outside the home - BUT when you look very closely still enforcing gender roles - kids is sick mom stays home - big financial decision together - career pivots (relocating) mainly with males

Answer 60

- equal in every way, economic, childcare, housework - highest rate in satisfaction in egalitarian

Answer 61

- women work all day at job, then come home, care for kids, and house work

Answer 62

- dominant family form today - problems with this form - work overload - married women - second shift syndrome - work- family role conflict - women tend to do invisible work - kids appointments, extracurriculars, people's birthdays

Answer 63

- mothers more than fathers - mothers experience more career interruptions - moms report they like doing work with kids

Answer 64

- midlife transition where fertility declines - female late 40s/50s, reproductive capacity comes to an end

Answer 65

- when ovulation stops and periods - about a year - ovulation, hormone surges irregular - start skipping periods - 2-3 months no periods - a year or so they stop - women's gender roles still focus on appearance, changes with age - wrinkles not viewed as positively for women

Answer 66

- identity crisis historically, when kids left the home, never let go og that idea - research has explored, we do not see midlife crisis yet Metamorphosis - new interests in life, feel great - our culture has traditionally viewed menopause as a disease rather than a natural process

Answer 67

- cessation of periods - hot flashes (49-85% of women) - alot of times a day, destructive to sleep - heart rate, lung rate increases - similar to panic attack - hot flashes can be problematic vaginal changes - less vaginal lubrication - thin tissue - can lead to painful sex

Answer 68

- original pregnant male urine, put horse urine in women to replicate hormones this was where medication came from

Answer 69

- short term management of severe discomfort (hot flashes) - may reduce risk of osteoporosis (loss of bone density), results in brittle bones may reduce the risk of colon cancer

Answer 70

may increase, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, heart disease, stroke, dementia - people shocked because women had been on it for decades, - pharmaceutical companies knew it did all these things, just went on

Answer 71

- when to get a mammogram - 40s

Answer 72

- probably decreases with vaccine

Answer 73

- decrease in quantity of sperm and semen after age 40 - more common to have problems with impotence - more common to find problems with erectile dysfunction - 20% OF men experience some amount of ED by age 60

Answer 74

- drugs boost natural release of NO in the body, relaxes smooth muscles in penis - relatively safe - side effect = flushing, headahces, flu like symptoms, change in color, vision would look blue_

Answer 75

- work with your doctor to underlying health conditions - see your doctor regularly - stop smoking, limit alchol, hard drugs - exercise regularly

Answer 76

- seasons coincide with eriskon's stages - construction of a dream - importance of mentorship - women --> family and career - men--> mainly career - around 30s those on career early, focused on family later, vice versa

Answer 77

- also built on erikson - his participants focus on intimacy, in their 20s - career consolidation, in there 30s - 40s generative-> giving back to younger colleagues - 50s-60s becomes keeper of meaning, family recipes, secrets, traditions - 70s spiritual and reflective - start going to church, wonder what comes next

Answer 78

- Levinson says yes - Valient says no - historical- women very strong investment in motherhood, childhood - but world has changed identity less focusde - if there is any transitional cris going on men- more likely to experience transition in early 40s - women more likely to experience transition in late 40s and 50s

Answer 79

- what stereotypes persist about aging and sex - older adults represented differently - often considered, non sexual, without sexual need

Answer 80

- what are messages our culture sends - sex is not important to lives of elderly - abnormal for older adults to be interested in sex - older people have lost desire for sexual intimacy - older people unattractive, not desirable IN FACT - they are sexual beings - education workshops for elderly people on sex safety

Answer 81

- men ED - flexibility changes 0 70-80% - satisfaction with sexual activity is high - gender differences exist - both married and single men report being sexually active but married women more sex than unmarried women

Answer 82

- both straight and gay couple report regular sexual activity - women are more likely to discontinue sexual activity than men - gay and lesbian aging adults are more likely to report a preference for some age partners

Answer 83

- happens when old people see multiple doctors, prescribing different things drugs may not be compatible --> dementia

Answer 84

- not the only things that causes dementia - when people do start showing memory loss be something else irreversible progressive brain disorder - manifest loss of memory, cognitive, function, ability to carry out tasks - have good days and bad days - lucid - good days, remember it all - sometimes bits and pieces come back - alot of work to cure Alzheimer's - most people see early symptoms in mid - 60s - 3 and a half americans have dementia caused by Alzheimer's

Answer 85

- blood vessels supplying the brain O2 get blocked - person starts having small mini strokes

Answer 86

- brain deterioration - structural changes- dramatic - nuerofiblary tangles - amybid plaques - lowered level of nuerotransmitters - lower level of accetocholine (involved in memory) - serotonin (mood and sleep) - may know that having incurable disease, can lower serotonin

Answer 87

- ageism persists - many view older adults as experiencing dementia - infanticing (treating adult like baby) - reinforced in media (childlike, sweet) - in reality there are wide individual differences in aging

Answer 88

- breadth and depth of practical knowledge - don't have to be old to have wisdom - gravitate towards social science careers - reflection, on knowledge that makes life more bearable and worth while - emotional maturity - integrative creativity- generalists, rather than narrow focus - coordinating very different domains, putting them together - seeing art in science - solve problems new, excitign ways

Answer 89

- factual knowledge - basic knowledge - strategies and procedures - lifespan contextualism - consider multiple domains relativism - life's goal and values are relative, goals change, career goals, birthday - uncertainty - plan for and acknowledge life's uncertainty, covid pandemic

Answer 90

- average age of grandparenthood in the U.S is 49-51, for women and 51-53 for men - transition is usually viewed very positively - status changes to value elder - immortality through descendants achieved - re-involvmenet with personal past - indulgence of grandchildren

Answer 91

- see grandparents infrequently, almost no influence in grandkid's lives

Answer 92

- see grandchildren a couple times a month, don't exert much influence

Answer 93

- may see grandchildren a varying number of times a month, but are a big influence on their lives