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PSYCH 220 - Developmental > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Puberty

A

sexual maturation becomes evident
- biologically capable of becoming parents
- greatest period of sexual differentiation since interuterine life
- onset different for girls and boys
- girls begin with growth spurts at about 10.5
- boys begin a growth spurt at 12.5
- the path may be different for intersex conditions

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2
Q

Puberty in folks with female sex traits

A

girls: range of start (8-13 yrs)
- early signs
- breast development - breast budding
- growth spurt- height and weight
- pubic hair development
- menarche (12.8 yrs) very first period
- generally no mature ova are produced

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3
Q

Puberty education in school

A

video places emphasis on hygiene
rather than education of what is actually going on

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4
Q

Puberty in folks with male sex traits

A

boys range of start (9.5-13.5 yrs)
ealry signs
enlargement of testes, penis
pubic hair development
growht spurt (muscle development)
Spermarhce (around 13)
first ejaculation, although semen has few living sperm

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5
Q

Psychological impact of timing of puberty

A

3 times, early, late, on time
not necessarily a period of storm and stress
research doesn’t back up stress and anxiety increases for all adolescence
individual changes, moving, divorce, global pandemic
but if it’s ob time with peers is best
there are gender differences in impact and timing of puberty

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6
Q

Early puberty for girls

A

girls
below average popularity
withdrawn
lacking self confidence
stressed
poorer body image
higher risk eating disorders
early sexual debut

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7
Q

early puberty in boys

A

seen as relaxed, independent, self confident, popular
attractive
good body image
leaders -athletes

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8
Q

Late puberty in girls

A

regarded as physically attractive
lively
-sociable
leaders
good body image

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9
Q

Late puberty in boys

A

viewed as anxious
overly talkative
attention seeking
poor body image

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10
Q

Which is worse?

A

early girls, leads to most body related disorders, most common/problamatic

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11
Q

Earlier puberty in boys

A

2012 AAP
- boys pubertal development was 6 months to 2 years earlier than data several decades ago
- boys NON hispanic, white, 10.4 years
- boys non hispanic African american, 9.14 years
- boys hispanic 10.4 years

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12
Q

Causes of earlier puberty

A

changes indiet
obesity in girls (body fat stores estrogen)
possibly environmental toxinc, EDC
changes in sleep
—erratic sleep patterns
more blue screen exposure
changes in medical care
family structure
media - very sexualized

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13
Q

Is early puberty bad?

A

physical consequences
prolonged exposure to estrogen
more exposure increase adolescent
psychological consequences
judged on appearance, judged as older, than they are, teased, maturity not liked to appears
What can parents do?
breastfeed baby
push for earlier puberty education in schools
don’t disparage there bodies “im so fat”

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14
Q

Ellis and Garber (2000) - consequences of early puberty

A

physical
- higher rate of breast cancer
- obesity
- teenage pregnancy
psychological
- more body image disturbance
- more emotional problems
- more “problematic” behavior

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15
Q

Ellis and Garber- past literature explores biology

A

monozygotic (identical), twins average difference in months
reared together 2.8 months in getting period
reared apart 9.3 months
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins average difference in months
reared together 12 months apart getting period
Interpreted
something is going on environmentally
difference between together and apart
something about environment can push puberty around

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16
Q

Belsky, Steinburg and Draper

A

proposed an evolutionary model of reproductive effort
model rests on bilogically asesses
availability and predictability of resources
trustworthiness of others
enduringness of close personal relationships
if environment is it may be adaptive to reproduce earlier

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17
Q

Girls and environmental relationships

A

causes
- family stress
- lack of resources
- father absence
- coercive relationships
- lack of family support
effects
- accelerates puberty
- accelerates sexual behavior
- orients towards unstable relationships

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18
Q

Hyptotheses

A

history of mood disorders in mom will predict early puberty
higher family stress will predict ealry puberty
girls from father absent homes will experience puberty earlier
amount of time with unrelated males –> ealry puberty

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19
Q

Method

A

short term, longitudinal study
mother completed questionares
daughters completed surver of pubertal states
97 families, 47 father absent
All hypotheses were coreect
find-out related to famlily structure very shocking

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20
Q

Boys? - james, ellis, schlomer and garber 2012

A

looked at boys and girls
risk taking, family stress, percieved mate value
father absence = early puberty in girls not bous
risk taking, percieved mate value = early for girls and boys

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21
Q

Ellis and Diel Guidance, 2019

A

comfortable, childhood, low stress, delayed puberty

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21
Q

Pandemic: Verzani et al (2021)

A

found earlier puberty for girls
medically referals for early puberty
2020 = 206 patients, 2019- 118 patients
increased 108%
boys 9 in 2020, 6 in 2019
changes in diet during pandemic
blue screen exposure
reported changes in stress level
pandemic contributed to ealry puberty

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22
Q

Life history theory

A

organisms face trade offs facing development constraints
this has been applied to pubertal timing particularly in girls

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23
Q

Moral development

A

has an emotional component
has a behavioral component
cognitive component - planned cheating

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24
Q

Biological moral development theory

A

altruism = when people help other people without regard to there own safety, altrusim in animals
have developed some sense of it
whales saving dolphins from sharks
humans on highway moving turtles

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25
Q

Freud moral development

A

phallic period - boys superergo forms during oedipus conflict
girls superego forms during electra conflict
- freud though girls has weaker superego

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26
Q

Piaget moral development

A

stages
Moral reaslism: (4-7 years)
= focus on rules as unchangable
not much understanding of inteiton
1st story- kid wants a cookie, mom says no, gets on counter to steal cookie, breaks a cup
2nd story - kid hits swinging door, knocks over moms china collection
kids asked what is worse say 2nd one, because broke 12 cups
belief in imminent justice - when you can do something bad, will get punished
Morality of reprocity (10 years and up)
understand that rules can be changed
understand intention
stressed importance of peers

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27
Q

Kohlberg theory of moral development

A

assessed moral reasoning using a series of moral dilemma
Heinz Dilemmna - heinz wife has a rare form of cancer, drugist in town, found cure, drug was really expensive, asked to only pay half, drugist said no
developed a hierarchial stage thoery
Level 1: preconventional
a) obedience punihsment
people in moral situaitons, behave because of punishment, particularly physical
b.) marketplace
bargaining stage, if you do this, you get that
Level 2 conventional
a). good girls/good boy
worried about how family and friends will feel
b) social order maintaining
focused on laws and rules
very concerned rules are not changeable
Level 3: Principal
a) social contrac t
we make rules that are best for people
we have bad laws we can change them
b) indiviudal principles
internalized own moral systems
don’t care what others think
If “I was heinz)
ONLY TESTED ON BOYS

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28
Q

Gilligan’s view of moral reasoning

A

focused on women
believes there are gender differences in moral reasoning
males see the world as a hierarchy of power
## females see world as a series of interconnected relationships

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29
Q

Moral reasoning and moral behavior

A

moral reasoning and moral behavior are related at the higher level of moral thinking
much of moral reasoning remain impulsive
many other factors affect moral behavior
emotionally, personal history, pay off

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30
Q

Identity

A

commitment to a
ideological stance
vocation
sexual orientation
but it is way more often than that

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31
Q

Erikson

A

trust vs mistrust (1st year)
autonomy vs shame and doubt(1-3 years)
- initative vs guilt (3-5)
industry vs inferiority (6- puberty)
- identity vs role confusion (10-20
someone forces indedity on you can lead to role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation (20- 30_
romantic, siblings
generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair (60s on)
- lots of regrets

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32
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

erikson
looked specifically crisis
crisis and commitment
crisis leads to exploration
4 identity statuses
identity diffusion (no cruss, no commitment)
identity foreclosure (commitment, no crisis)
idenitty moratrium ( in crisis, no commitment)
identity achievemnt (crisis and have commited)
could be stage like progression but doesnt have to be

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33
Q

Crabbe, Pivnick, Bates, Gordon, and Crossnoe (2018, 2019)

A

conducted focus groups with recently graduated adults aged 19022
asked to described peer crowds from high school
identified 12 peer crowds
rise in academic anxiety in compared to earlier studied
fear of “loners”
qualitative study
asked to define cliques, goth, druggies, stoners, nerds,
rise in academic anxiety in comparison to earlier studies
intense fear of “loners” about potential violence.

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34
Q

Cliques

A

are small groups of about 5-7 adolescents
early in adolescence cliques are same sex
later in adolescence mixed sex
cliques can be identified by there interests and status
cliques may join together to form crowds
parenting types may influence the type of clique/crowd adolescents join

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35
Q

Vocational Choice

A

factors
personality = shy, introverted
family = strong expectations, can lead to identity foreclosure
teachers = teachers recognize something special in student
gender stereotypes = specific genders pushed to certain jobs

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36
Q

Holland Career Types

A

realistic = things you can put your hand on tools, animals, plants, livestock, farmer, gardner, vet
investigative = problem solving, math, science, don’t like sales, STEM kids, see themselves as precise, scientist, academic c, nueroscience
Artistic = creative, arts, drama,a dance, music, artisan work, kinetic, don’t like ordered and repetitive activities
Social = like people want to help people don’t like machines, good communicators, see themselves helpful, outgoing, teacher, counselor, nurses, social work
enterprising = people create environment, around them, lead people, sell ideas, selling things, politics, business, persuasive, CEOs, directors
Conventional = like data, numbers, quiet, careful, task oriented, like enviorment to be controlled, records, post office, clerk, admin, one of the most prevelant

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37
Q

percentage of women in various professions

A

male dominated professions, increase
but stereotypical female professions are still staying around same
we have been supporting women in STEM, but not in women dominated fields

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38
Q

Gender segregation

A

when people go to a specific field
women in psych
men in engineering

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39
Q

Gender stratification

A

medicine
people who become doctors almost event
nuerosurgeon = male dominated
pediatrics = female dominated
professors w/tenure = male
adjuncts = women

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40
Q

Differential earnings

A

women earn 76.5 cents to a male dollar
but women who have never had children aged (27-33) earn 98 cents on the male dollar

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41
Q

Math as a critical filter

A

many careers require strong math background
engineering
computer science
physical science
business
finance

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42
Q

The development of sexual orientation

A

sexual orientation involves romantic feelings, attraction, lifestyle
gender identity
gender role = attitudes, behaviors, defined with each biological sex, appearance has gotten stronger

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43
Q

Kinsley’s work

A

continuum idea
straight, gay, lesbian, bi other 3%
odd way back in 40s
in depth face to face, interviews, with males
1953 - white women
published people were angry because of sexual attitudes in women
people still don’t want to hear about it
HUGE sample, but not diverse
sexual orientation exists, NOT in exclusive boxes, but a continuem, even though collected this data, people still collect data with other

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44
Q

fritz klein sexual orientation grid

A

more complex
fantasy, past, present
8% checked something other than straight
20% of women check something other than straight
for women has steadily increased

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45
Q

Development of sexual orientation

A

psychoanalytic - freud thought everyone born with bisexual, sexual orientation developed in phallic period (4-6)
this fairly confirmed with research
disturbing legacy, people think sexual orientation has something to do with parenting

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46
Q

Bell Weinburg and hammersmith 1981, investigated social learning perspective

A

used a path analysis model
sexual orientation determined by adolescence, although many people may not be sexually active
people found heterosexual experiences ungratifying
link to gender non conformity
identification with parents had little to no impact
positive role models, important for resilience
it gets better program, celebrities describe adolescent vs now
final conclusion hinted at possibility of a biological basis for sexual orientation

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47
Q

Social Construction

A

we use guidelines of our culture to determine sexual orientation
cultural discourse message influences
ancient rome, physical/romantic, relationships with men and women, compared to U.S with negative outlook

48
Q

Biology

A

biological determinants
brain (levay) = looked at hypothalmus, men and women, self identified as straight/gay , found area with different size, area smaller in gay men than straight men, gay men = same size straight women, not all biological
genetics = evolutionary adaptation
hormones

49
Q

finger proportions

A

boys with more femine finger proportions, more likely to be gay
boys with longer index fingers = more emotional
study went to street fair, talked to people had them self disclose sexual orientation, women who justified as lesbian had longer ring than index
2 science journals published that
exposure to male hormones may impact sexual orientation

50
Q

Handedness study

A

gay lefties 34% more likely to straight men
lesbian 9% more likely than straight women

51
Q

Hair whorls

A

lippa
23% of gay men had counterclockwise hair whorl compared to 10% straight men

52
Q

Biological fraternal birth order (blanchard 2001)

A

sexual orientation believed to be related to number of older brothers
each older brother increased chances of being gay by 30%
HY antigens
hypothesis = HY antigens, produced by mom pass through placenta, influence sexual orientation in female brain, brith weight changes with multiple boys, baby weighs less and less

53
Q

EBE theory (Bem)

A

exotic becomes erotic
starts with biology
-baby in eutero
born, biological differences
boys = biggers, longer, more active
girsl = smaller, shorter, more passive
period in childhood develop = gender play
but not everyone
BEM says who is around you friends, not particularly interesting, until during puberty those who are not around become interesting.
girls who hang around boys, girls become erotic

54
Q

CASS model for coming out

A

-identity confusion
- identity comparison
- identity tolerance
- identity acceptance
- identity pride
- identity synthesis
- criticized by how negative early stages are

54
Q

Issues and Sexual Orientation

A

cultural perception
role models
support systems - safe spaces
safety concerns - not being bullied

55
Q
A
56
Q

The infamous strain gauge study

A

adams wright and Lohr
penile plethsymorgrath
-study of men, gave index of homophobia, traditional homophobia
had participants who scored high and low on homophobia
had them watch varied porn
men and women, men and men, women and women
measured erections
found guys that scored highest for homophobia scored high for all, guys who scored low for homophobia had response to Men and women, and women and women.

57
Q

Cancion study

A

relationship counseling
- would give HW to show how much they love there others
- wife put card on pillow
- wife said husband didn’t do HW
- but he did, fixed car stereo
two love
- expresive and instrumental

58
Q

Expressive love

A

expressing feelings, gift giving, love letters, more common in females

59
Q

Instrumental Love

A
  • gift giving, fixing something, having sex,doing something together, more common in male
60
Q

Ludus

A

thrill of the chase, excitement- game playing, forming, starting romantic relationships
- don’t see alot of investment, commitment

61
Q

Eros

A
  • passionate love
  • lust
  • emphasis on physical beauty
  • tend to fizzle out
  • because most relationships can’t maintain high level of passion
62
Q

Storge

A
  • love built on friendship
  • develops into romantic attraction
  • hallmark movie style of love
63
Q

Mania

A
  • maniac
  • intense feelings, lack of trsut
  • checking phone, texts, stalking
  • lots of jealousy attempts to control
  • obsessive
64
Q

pragma

A
  • practical love
  • meets criteroa
  • good parent, provider
  • same religon/culture
  • right career
  • arranged marriages
65
Q

Agape

A
  • self sacrificing love
  • your partners happiness more important than your own
  • giving, not taking
66
Q

talking

A

purposefully vague, without labels

67
Q

dating

A
  • intitially kids dating as a form of socialization
  • parent chaperoned
  • form of recreation, dating is social
  • as we get more late in development, more courtship behaviors
  • no serious courtship until late 20s
  • lots of discousrse = wait until marraige, but most sexual media culture ever
  • officially people aren’t supposed to be having sex but they are
  • people will become exclusive, engage, marry
68
Q

Are humans naturally monogamous?

A
  • in histroy one man with multiple wife
  • looking at high rates of infidentlty, may seem that we aren’t
69
Q

Infidelity

A
  • breaking the promise to remain faithful to a partner, say they are exclusive
  • 20% of men
  • 13% of women
  • 60% of gay male relationships are open
  • lesiban relationships have low infidentlity
  • often having sex with someone that isn’t spouse, or partner
  • 16% of married couple
  • longer relationship more likely infidenlity will ocurr
  • often doesn’t lead to a break up
    = people who are unfaithful. once, 3x mroe likely to do it again
  • people who engage in infidelity don’t take accountabilituy, blame partner
70
Q

Microcheating

A
  • unspoken flirting with another person
71
Q

Could it be genes (garcia, Merriweather, 2010)

A
  • 181 BU students
  • completed survey about sexual relationships
    -= swabbed cheek
  • screened for DRD4 gene on chromosome 1
  • associated with alchol, risk taking
  • looked at relationships to infidelity
  • results = folks who had gene, more likely to report promiscous encountres
  • higher number of sexual partners
  • no differences in gender
  • “the slut gene”
  • impulsive sexual behavior related to gene associated with impulse control
72
Q

CNS (consensual non monogamy)

A
  • everybody in relationships knows everyone, have rules they agreed on
73
Q

Polygny and Polyandry

A
  • cultures with multiple husbands, husbands often related, exists in places with lack of women
74
Q

Swinging

A

sexual behavior with people they don’t have emotional relationships, only sexual

75
Q

Open relationships

A
  • folks that have committed relationships but engage in sexual relationships with others
76
Q

Hook ups

A
  • brief uncommited sexual encounters among individuals who are not romantic partners, or dating each other
    -60%-80% of college students hook up
  • in recent years only 43%
  • decrease in sexual behavior, study after study
77
Q

where do hook ups happen?

A
  • parties -67%
  • dorms 57%
  • bars/clubs 10%
  • other - 35%
78
Q

Cohabitation

A
  • sort of feel under confused on labels
  • living together and having sexual relationships
  • part of courtship, trial marriage, alternative to marriage
79
Q

Cohabitation in Iceland

A
  • cohabitated because not able to marry in Iceland
  • rates greatly increased
80
Q

traditional marriage

A
  • have traditional gender roles
  • men who are breadwinner, decision makers
  • women, often stay at home moms, do house work
  • seeing uptick in media of traditional marriage
  • privileged people marriage
81
Q

Cohabitation vs marriage

A
  • shows traditional role but tend to be more androgynous than married partners
  • cohabitations tends to be more varied in patterns
  • partners report being equally satisfied with marriage and cohabitation
  • cohabitation does not have long term effects on later marital happiness
82
Q

Modern marriage

A
  • parents working outside the home
  • BUT when you look very closely still enforcing gender roles
  • kids is sick mom stays home
  • big financial decision together
  • career pivots (relocating) mainly with males
83
Q

Egalitarian marriage

A
  • equal in every way, economic, childcare, housework
  • highest rate in satisfaction in egalitarian
84
Q

Second Shift syndrome

A
  • women work all day at job, then come home, care for kids, and house work
85
Q

Dual Earner Marriages

A
  • dominant family form today
  • problems with this form
  • work overload - married women
  • second shift syndrome
  • work- family role conflict
  • women tend to do invisible work
  • kids appointments, extracurriculars, people’s birthdays
86
Q

Who is taking care of the kids?

A
  • mothers more than fathers
  • mothers experience more career interruptions
  • moms report they like doing work with kids
87
Q

The climacteric - women

A
  • midlife transition where fertility declines
  • female late 40s/50s, reproductive capacity comes to an end
88
Q

menopause

A
  • when ovulation stops and periods
  • about a year
  • ovulation, hormone surges irregular
  • start skipping periods
  • 2-3 months no periods
  • a year or so they stop
  • women’s gender roles still focus on appearance, changes with age
  • wrinkles not viewed as positively for women
89
Q

midlife crisis vs metamorphosis

A
  • identity crisis historically, when kids left the home, never let go og that idea
  • research has explored, we do not see midlife crisis yet
    Metamorphosis - new interests in life, feel great
  • our culture has traditionally viewed menopause as a disease rather than a natural process
90
Q

Signs of menopause

A
  • cessation of periods
  • hot flashes (49-85% of women)
  • alot of times a day, destructive to sleep
  • heart rate, lung rate increases
  • similar to panic attack
  • hot flashes can be problematic
    vaginal changes
  • less vaginal lubrication
  • thin tissue
  • can lead to painful sex
91
Q

controversy of HRT (hormone replacement theory)

A
  • original pregnant male urine, put horse urine in women to replicate hormones this was where medication came from
92
Q

HRT advantages

A
  • short term management of severe discomfort (hot flashes)
  • may reduce risk of osteoporosis (loss of bone density), results in brittle bones may reduce the risk of colon cancer
93
Q

HRT disadvantages

A

may increase, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, heart disease, stroke, dementia
- people shocked because women had been on it for decades,
- pharmaceutical companies knew it did all these things, just went on

94
Q

Breast cancer

A
  • when to get a mammogram
  • 40s
95
Q

cervical cancer

A
  • probably decreases with vaccine
96
Q

Climacteric and me

A
  • decrease in quantity of sperm and semen after age 40
  • more common to have problems with impotence
  • more common to find problems with erectile dysfunction
  • 20% OF men experience some amount of ED by age 60
97
Q

Viagra/Ciallis

A
  • drugs boost natural release of NO in the body, relaxes smooth muscles in penis
  • relatively safe
  • side effect = flushing, headahces, flu like symptoms, change in color, vision would look blue_
98
Q

prevention for Erectile dysfunction

A
  • work with your doctor to underlying health conditions
  • see your doctor regularly
  • stop smoking, limit alchol, hard drugs
  • exercise regularly
99
Q

Levinson’s seasons of life

A
  • seasons coincide with eriskon’s stages
  • construction of a dream
  • importance of mentorship
  • women –> family and career
  • men–> mainly career
  • around 30s those on career early, focused on family later, vice versa
100
Q

Valient’s adaptation to life

A
  • also built on erikson
  • his participants focus on intimacy, in their 20s
  • career consolidation, in there 30s
  • 40s generative-> giving back to younger colleagues
  • 50s-60s becomes keeper of meaning, family recipes, secrets, traditions
  • 70s spiritual and reflective
  • start going to church, wonder what comes next
101
Q

Is there a midlife ciris

A
  • Levinson says yes
  • Valient says no
  • historical- women very strong investment in motherhood, childhood
  • but world has changed identity less focusde
  • if there is any transitional cris going on
    men- more likely to experience transition in early 40s
  • women more likely to experience transition in late 40s and 50s
102
Q

Sexuality and aging

A
  • what stereotypes persist about aging and sex
  • older adults represented differently
  • often considered, non sexual, without sexual need
103
Q

Sexuality discourse and elderly

A
  • what are messages our culture sends
  • sex is not important to lives of elderly
  • abnormal for older adults to be interested in sex
  • older people have lost desire for sexual intimacy
  • older people unattractive, not desirable
    IN FACT - they are sexual beings
  • education workshops for elderly people on sex safety
104
Q

Sexuality body changes

A
  • men ED
  • flexibility changes
    0 70-80%
  • satisfaction with sexual activity is high
  • gender differences exist
  • both married and single men report being sexually active but married women more sex than unmarried women
105
Q

Sexual orientation

A
  • both straight and gay couple report regular sexual activity
  • women are more likely to discontinue sexual activity than men
  • gay and lesbian aging adults are more likely to report a preference for some age partners
106
Q

Polypharamcy

A
  • happens when old people see multiple doctors, prescribing different things drugs may not be compatible –> dementia
107
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • not the only things that causes dementia
  • when people do start showing memory loss be something else
    irreversible progressive brain disorder
  • manifest loss of memory, cognitive, function, ability to carry out tasks
  • have good days and bad days
  • lucid - good days, remember it all
  • sometimes bits and pieces come back
  • alot of work to cure Alzheimer’s
  • most people see early symptoms in mid - 60s
  • 3 and a half americans have dementia caused by Alzheimer’s
108
Q

Cerebrovascular Dementia

A
  • blood vessels supplying the brain O2 get blocked
  • person starts having small mini strokes
109
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • brain deterioration
  • structural changes- dramatic
  • nuerofiblary tangles
  • amybid plaques
  • lowered level of nuerotransmitters
  • lower level of accetocholine (involved in memory)
  • serotonin (mood and sleep)
  • may know that having incurable disease, can lower serotonin
110
Q

Stereotypes about aging

A
  • ageism persists
  • many view older adults as experiencing dementia
  • infanticing (treating adult like baby)
  • reinforced in media (childlike, sweet)
  • in reality there are wide individual differences in aging
111
Q

Wisdom

A
  • breadth and depth of practical knowledge
  • don’t have to be old to have wisdom
  • gravitate towards social science careers
  • reflection, on knowledge that makes life more bearable and worth while
  • emotional maturity
  • integrative creativity- generalists, rather than narrow focus
  • coordinating very different domains, putting them together
  • seeing art in science
  • solve problems new, excitign ways
112
Q

Battles 5 components of Wisdom

A
  • factual knowledge - basic knowledge
  • strategies and procedures
  • lifespan contextualism - consider multiple domains
    relativism - life’s goal and values are relative, goals change, career goals, birthday
  • uncertainty - plan for and acknowledge life’s uncertainty, covid pandemic
113
Q

transition to grandparenthood

A
  • average age of grandparenthood in the U.S is 49-51, for women and 51-53 for men
  • transition is usually viewed very positively
  • status changes to value elder
  • immortality through descendants achieved
  • re-involvmenet with personal past
  • indulgence of grandchildren
114
Q

Detached grandparents

A
  • see grandparents infrequently, almost no influence in grandkid’s lives
115
Q

Passive grandparents

A
  • see grandchildren a couple times a month, don’t exert much influence
116
Q

Active grandparents

A
  • may see grandchildren a varying number of times a month, but are a big influence on their lives

PSYCH 220 - Developmental (10 decks)

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