Quiz 2 Flashcards
Ultrasound
- looking for general size, size of brain heart chambers
Invasive
putting an instrument/needle into uterine lining
CVS
- happen regularly, 10-13 weeks, usually when you have a high risk pregnancy, can be done earlier than Amnio
Amniocentesis
- happen regularly, someone has triple screen, shows risk take amniotic fluid and culture them
Fetascopy
- go in with tiny camera on a tube into the cervix
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
- someone is giving a hyperovulation drug, 8-10 eggs dropped, then they take eggs and add sperm, they take one cell off of embryo, often looking for a specific genetic condition, that runs in the family
Traditional Midwife
- low risk, home birth, women centered, low rate of intervention, some states legal, trained by other midwives
Certified Nurse Midwife
-registered nurses, women/person centered, low risk, birthing center/hospital, low rate of intervention, trained to identify mid/high risk and send elsewhere
OBGYN
- any risk level, hospital,high rate of intervention
Family Practitioner
- low/moderate risk, hospital, parent and baby being treated as one, old school can treat the family as whole
OBGYN Litigation
- if any thing goes wrong hospital, doctors can get sued at an alarming rate, doctors tended to intervene, because if they don’ t interven and something goes wrong, it can be used against them, also OBGYN are surgically trained so might as well use skills
Doula
- a trained professional who provides continuous, physical, emotional and informational support to their client before, during and shortly after childbirth to help them achieve the healthiest, most satisfying experience possible
Birth Doula
- take care of birthing person
Postpartum Doula
- take care of postpartum mom, baby and other kids
Death Doula
go with dying doulas, help assist people with transition from life to death
issues surrounding birth
- safety
- birth should be in a hospital with OB/drugs
- when birthing in a hospital, more vulnerable to saying yes
- control
- loose control when in a hospital setting
- intervention, drugs, surgical intervention, episotomy, c section
Drugs
- narcotics, things to relax, blocks = epidural, numbs from waist down, every single drug could case a potential problem,
Midwife Model of Care
- the midwives model of care is based on the fact that pregnanyc and birth are normal life events
- monitoring the physical, psychological and social well being, throughout childbearing cycle
- providing the person with individualized education, counseling
Germinal Period
- conception - week 2
- fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube, sperm swim throught uterus and fallopian tube
- hostile process
- all along this sperm are dying
- one sperm fertilizes the eg
- cell divides and divides
- Day 5 - hallow ball of cells form = Blastocyst
Day 9 = attaches to uterine wall, inner cell mass detaches and forms embryonic disc
Day 15 - missed period possibly, but most people only have slight change
Embryonic Disk components
- Ectoderm = skin, hair, nails, and nervous system
Endoderm - gut and organs
Mesoderm - muscles, heart and bloos
Placenta
provides:
- nutrients, oxygen, antibodies
Takes away:
= waste products, screens many but not all harmful agents
What to do with Placenta?
buried it, plant a tree
- humans have started to eat placentas
- send placenta to a company, freeze dried placenta, supposedly cure all
Embryonic Period
- this period people often don’t know they are pregnant, avg. menstrual cycle
- 23 days
- some people skip periods if someone conceived an unplanned pregnancy, might unknowingly be engaging in teratogens
- week 2-8
- sensitive period
- most serious teratogenic effects develop here
- central nervous system
- heart, limbs, digestive tracts
Rubella
german measles, a thing we vaccinate against, won’t vie you a vaccine while pregnant, severe flu for week, embryo will have vision problems, brain problems, resulting in cognitive deficits, still birth
Herpes
sores around the mouth/genitals, if in genital region, could get in mucus membrane, can be deadly, must have c section
Toxoplasmosis
= cats carry a lot of toxoplasmosis, can get it from direct contact with cat feces, if you’ve been around cats all your life, probably exposed, also in rare/raw meat, must have thoroughly cooked, damage CNS< resulting in cognitive deficits, hydrocephalus
DES
drug prescribed to prevent spontaneous abortion did not work, babies born fine, then in adolescence girls cervical cancer, found that all mother took DES, cancer went undetected until late, a lot also had cervical abnormalities, led to fertility issues, male bodies had higher infertility, testicular cancer
Thalidomide
prescribed around the world, 50s - 60s, nausea during pregnancy, Franis wouldn’t let it be prescribed in the U.S, babies were born without arms and legs, didn’t do this on animals
Aspirin
embryo developing heart defects, hemorrhaging as mother gives birth
Caffeine
not a lot of data shows problems for humans, but animal work, some in human arousal = lack of sleep, baby cannot break it down like humans can
Cocaine
uterine contractions, short gestation, low birth weight, termination, people who do coke tend to do other drugs, multi drug effects
Alcohol
fetal alc syndrome = binge drinking, alcohol spectrum problems, with learning, memory, CNS, eye spaced far, head smaller, lower doses causes some effects, kids with lower dose not identified, less remediation
Marijuana
O2 deprivation, results in lower birth rate, shorter gestation
Heroin
born addicted to heroin, painful withdrawal, which they have to medicate baby through
Smoking
cigarettes are damaging to placenta, you can see damage, doesn’t support pregnancy as well, higher rate of SIDS, leukemia, not a ton of work on vapes,
Cleft Palate
can happen due to unknown reasons, teratogenic effects, babies must undergo surgery which is scary
Fetal Period
week 8 to birth, period of growth and maturation, quickening = when you feel baby moving, 16 weeks, 20/24 weeks big enough to kick and poke, physiologically makes things very real, 24 weeks = viability,if born baby could survive, immature lungs, term = 40 wks from last period
Birth - Stage One (14-16 hours)
dilation and effacement (thinning of the cervix), transition (10 cm to fully dilated), contraction irregularly move closer to stage 2, more regular
Stage 2 (1 hour)
cervix fully dilated, very strong, 2 minutes apart, pushing, birth
Stage 3 (15- 30 minutes)
- delivery of the placenta
C section
rates are at an all time high, certain progress on clock, when doesn’t happen C section occurs
C section complications
infection, hemorrhage, embolism, anesthesia, injuries to other organs, rupture, future difficulty, long term - adhesion, scarring, obstructed bowels, placenta, accreta, placenta previa
Advantages of Human Lactation
- idea in the social media, post that milk react with saliva backwash of baby
- human bodies are bioengineering breastmilk
- best nutritionally, whey long chains of fatty acids, PUFA encourages neural growth
- IQ differences favor breastfed exclusively at least 6 months
Advantages of breastfeeding for babies
- fewer gastrointestinal infections
- fewer respiratory infections
- fewer doctors visits
- fewer allergies
- lower incidence of obesity
- lower cholesterol
- lower incidence of child obesity
Advantages of breastfeeding for women
- reduces chance of hemorrhage right after birth
- lower incidence of breast cancer (suppresses ovulation)
- cheaper
- ecological (formula needs to be transported)
- convenient
- promotes boding
La Leche League
- international group of women
- often people learn about this from moms
- broken chain
-group that helps people learn how to nurse, edu meetings - support meetings
- not wired into our brains on how to do this
- must position baby correctly over the nipple
research on breastfeeding
- exclusive breastfeeding (2010)
- method
- 716 mothers and infants in the netherlands
Results = exclusive breastfeeding to 4 months and partial to 6 reduced the risk of illness - stopping prior to 6 months did not
Breastfeeding and Cognition
- what is going on here
- Gustafasson
- method = longitudinal sampling of colostrum, and then breastfeeding at 1 month, 3 months,
- 3 factors, gestational age, PUFA, and length of breastfeeding impacted IQ
Lactation issues in the U.S
- sexualization of breasts
- study found that men all believed breasts purpose was them
- breastfeeding in public (uncomfy)
- convienent only if baby and parent are together
- breastfeeding and working outside of the home
- sleeping issues = babies digest breastmilk quickly, get more full and wake up less with formula
Cosleeping
- adult beds highly unsafe unlike cribs
- sleeping in bed facilitates breastfeeding
Advantages of cosleeping
- SIDS protection
- antibodies
- babies sleep lightly
- way they are positioned
- parent is aware of them, baby and parent get synchronized in breathing
- moms who were coseeping, underestimated number of time they week up
- in early infancy babies sleep better
- sleep lighter
Disadvantage of Cosleeping
- may disrupt parents sleep
- may mess up sex life
- hard to get them out
- sleep lighter (parents)
Babies sleeping alone Advantages
- parents may sleep better
- learn to go to sleep alone
- sleep more deeply (wake less frequently)
babies sleeping alone disadvantages
- SIDS risk is higher
- harder to breastfeed
- sleep more deeply
Is it safe to sleep with baby?
- you develop a sense that baby is in bed
- no drugs or alchohol for the parents
- sleep on hard surface (no waterbeds)
- no soft bedding
- no spaces where a baby could get stuck (between frame and mattress in couch cushion)
