Exam 1 Flashcards
What is a theory?
- set of ideas or organizing principles - relevant assumptions based on beliefs about a phenomena- systematically related to each other
Empirical and Operational defintions
- precise can look at it from study to study, operationalized ex - colic in a baby, 3x a day, 3x a week, 3 by 3 by 3- fruedian fixation, PMS, terrible twos,
The menstrual stress/Joy Questionare
- people have rxn to menstrual cycle - menstrual destress question = way to operationalize it - when we try an operationalize something we can’t let bias sneak in
Development theories allow us to:
Describe - being able to describe what they should be doing in a typical phaseExplain - explain accurately what is happeningPredict - being able to predict and aid , ie predicting learning disabilities
Development is the following domains
CognitiveSocial - humans tend to be fairly social, how we interactPhysical - how the brain changes/bodies change, puberty ALL interact not independent of one another
Otitus Media
symptoms - snotty nose, eye drainage, cranky, frequent night waking, cranky, unwillingness to lie flat, fever, crying, screaming
Ear infections
- adults have nasal canals which tilt up- kids get more - we put drains (tubes) - omoxycilin
OM issues
- not contagious but respiratory infections are - OM is more common in daycare situations- OM is less common in breastfed babies, anitbodies in milk current concernantibodies = developing resistancetubes = relatively uncommon in other countries
Otitus Media and Daycare attending Toddlers
- purpose examine effect of OM on children in three daycare situations - children (12-18 months) were divided into chromic and non chronic OM- cildren were given a picture book and reading task, Results - mothers rated kids with chronic OM as less attentive - children with chronic OM in low quality daycare setting, attended less and shared more off task behavior on the picture book
Age Graded/History graded (cohort)
- History graded = great depression, on people who grew up on canned food, sexual revolution, more unplanned pregnancyies, post sexual revolution, more sex less unplanned pregnancies- Age graded = changes that happen at certain ages, going to kindergarten at 5, graduate high school at 18
Non Normative
- we have individual difference, not everyone has a pony, only child, grew up in rural area
Cohort
- people who are born at the same time, studying how kids learn to crawl
Development is … Multidimensional
- during development multiple things are developing but sometimes development declines - teen buzz only under 25 can hear - one town put up speakers playing the noise to stop teens from hanging out
Organismic World View
- egg -> caterpillar -> butterfly - qualitative change (stages/levels)- active development - actively engaging with the world - movement towards a goal, point where you are developed - seen an endpoint
Mechanistic World View
- no qualitative change - passive reaction - no movement towards a goal - can’t meet in the middle because they are worldviews
Contextual World View
- considers perspective between individuals and their physical, cognitive, and social worlds
Ethology
- emphasis on relevance of environmental contexts - seeks to understand the adoptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history - important ethological concepts
Imprinting
baby geese, form a bond with first body they see, baby geese imprint on human
Sensitive/Critical Periods
letting babies bond w/parents instead of taken away, those allowed to bond reached more physical milestones faster
Bonding
importance of bonding changed birthing practices
Do humans imprint?
Klaus and Kennel - babies were permitted/not permitted to bond, babies who imprinted, reached milestones more quickly - species specific responses (laughing/tickling) - “Babyness” - rounded head shape, large eyes, below middle of head, protruding forehead, Bambi = exaggerated baby cues
The ecological Approach - Bronfenbrenner
- “embedded in the real world- believed development exists in a series of nested concepts Microsystem - individuals immediate surroundings, families, friends, coworkers, people you go to church with Mesosystem - connections among microsystems, parents interacting with teachers Exosystem - doesn’t directly contain the individual but influences them, teacher snapping at there kids becuase of a bad work day Macrosystem- values, ideals, customs and laws of a particular culture, in the U.S very scared of birht, highly sexual mediaChronosystem - (temporal/time) - having a sister, 4 years apart, children born during the pandemic
Independent Variable
- variable you manipulate, different TV shows
Dependent Variable
- impacted by changing I.V
Reliability
- consistency, car is reliable doing what it should do consistently, does it test consistly, odds vs evem
Validity
- is it measuring what it’s supposed to measure? IQ tests are they valid? argue that they don’t measure intelligence yet achievement
Cross Sectional Design
- you are getting groups of folks at different ages, testing and comparing Advantages - quick, inexpensive, differences in behavior at diffrent points of development can be studied Disadvantages - no info about determinants of age cohort, you have to make sure that your cohorts match on all variable, older gens have less years of school
Longitudinal Design
subject assessed repeatedly Advantages - stability of behavior can be determined, impact of early events on later behavior can be investigated differences in behavior at different point in development can be studied Disadvantages - cost, subject loss, changes in ppl, infexibility, test/retest effects,
Sequential Design
- combines cross sectional and longitudinal - advantages - flexible .stability of behavior can be determined, impact of early events on later behavior can be investigated, differences in behavior at different point in developmental studies Disadvantages = cost, subject loss, test/retest effects
Correlational Studies
- correlational does not equal causation
Positive Correlation
- if you score high on one, score high on another/low on the other
Negative Correlation
- if you score high on one, low on the other
Correlation Coefficent
- looking at relationship between 2 variables -1/1 strong
Naturalistic Observation
- Jane Goodall looked at chimps, might act differently in presence, you need to be there until they ignore you, become part of the backgroundno manipulation, change in environment
Structured Observation
- setting up something so its biased, studying sharing, not enough toys for everyone
Clinical Interview
- John Piaget, follow up question dependent on what is aid, NO leading questions
Structured Interview
Same questions to everyone, less chance of bias, but the data isn’t as rich
Case Studies - Genie
- discovered at 13, her father though she was impaired congitivley, kept tied to a potty chair for 13 years, without human interaction, Genie went to a foster family, tried to see if she could learn language, socialize
Case Studies - David Reimer
- had a twin brother, being circumsized, malfunction, burn off his pensi, parents saw psychologist on TV, kids are raised gender nuetral, David had survery became Bredna, had his parents raise him as a girl, when 14 came out he was bullied, and was a boy, had reconstruction died bu sucicide
DNA
codes for templates of proteins that make up our body, timing of things
Genes
- organized by genes
Chromosomes
- 48 chromosomes sets of genes, DNA wrapped around histoproteins
Watson and Crook
got noble prize for discovering DNA, controversy because was actually Rosalind
Mitosis
cells replicate, replace themselves
Meiosis
- how we make gametes, reduction, division, sperm is doing it all the time, eggs are made in prenatal development, don’t divide as well as you get older
Homozygous
same from both parents
Heterozygous
genes from one parent are different
Dominant
the trait that is expressed in the presence of gene will be expressed
Recessive
you must get 2 recessive for trait to be present
Phenotype
trait/gene that you display
Genotype
CC, Cc, cc
Range of Reaction
idea that genes set the limits but the environment determines where you fall between the limits
Canalized
some gene expression can be pushed around by enviormental factors, ex = height, eye color, Strongly = cannot be pushed around ,Weakly = can be pushed around
Genetics
- incest causes many genetic issues - possible to have a lethal condition expressed- some genetic conditions are lethal - NOW we can test for them, make decisions based on them
Dominantly inherited conditions
Huntington’s disease, Nuerofirbomatosis
Huntington’s Disease
- doesn’t start to express until 30/40, dominant, 50-50 shot kids will have it - ultimately fatal, test available,- degenerative of nerve cells in the brain
Nuerofibromatosis
- not typically fatal - develop benighn tumors on the edge of nerves- people more drastically impacted have them on face/body
Recessively inherited Conditions
Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell Anemia, PKU, tay sachs
Cystic Fibrosis
disease that impact lungs, build up of mucus can be life shortening (teens/mid adulthood)- have to be homozygous about 30-40,000 ppl in the US 1 in 30 people
Sickle Cell Anemia
90.000 americans, more common in Africa, with malaria, very life shortening, but OK in the US, red blood cells sickle, clogs blood vessels, doesn’t get where it needs to go,
PKU
- amino acids builds up in the body, before understood baby fed typical food, damage brain, must eat a diet with little protein, now developed drugs
Tay sachs
- caused by an enzyme that helps breakdown certain fats, builds up to toxic amounts in spinal cord, seem fine at birth , seizures, paralysis death by three
Human X linked conditions
color blindess, Hemophilia, Severe combined Immune Deficiency
Color Blindness
- some follow x linked inherited pattern, gene is on the x chromosome, but no corresponding part on the y, if you get just on copy on x chromsome, will be expressed
Hemophilia
disordered, where your blood doesn’t clot properly, ppl who have more sever can be dangerous, royal family carrier
Sever Combined Immune Deficiency
- virtually every component of your immune system isn’t functioning, healthy immune systems we are fine, a boy born into sterile environment
Imprinting
one gene regardless of inheritance is silenced, happens alot during prenatal development, also throughout life
Fragile X syndrome
- there is a “broken” segment in the x chromosome - dominantly inherited - tends to be more of an issue with males, becuase only on X - results in learning disabiltiies, and cognitive deficits - long narrow face, prominents forehead, hgiher scale of seizures, autism spectrum disorder
Down Syndrome
most popular autosomal chrome condition - get an extra chromosome in meiosis - previously kids automatically institutionalized, heart problems not treated- characteristics = short, stocky build, flat facial profile, heart abnormalities, higher risk of hernias - the risk of down syndrom eincreases with maternal age,
Down Syndrome and Ableism
- in the U.S when down syndrome is detected 67% of pregnancies are terminated - 2011 study showed people with down syndrome were happy with how they looked
First trimester Screen (noninvasive)
- blood test- pregnancy associated plasma protein screening - HCG - ultrasound test for fetal nuchal tranlucency - produced and elevated risk for down syndrome - between 11-15 weeks
Triple or Quad Screen (noninvasive)
- 15- 22 weeks - aplha fetoprotein - human chronic gonadtropin - Ue3- inhibin A
Ultrasound
- looking for general size, slice of brain, heart chambers, 3D ultrasounds
CVS (invasive)
- happen regularly 10-13 weeks. happens when you hve a hgih risk pregnancy, can be done earlier than Amnio
Amniocentesis
happen regularly, someone has triple screen, shows risk, take amniotic fluid and culture them
PUBS
- go in with a needle to the umbilical cord, not common, peractuneus umbilical cord sampling
Fetascopy
- go in with a tiny camera, on a tube into the cervix
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
- someone is giving a hyperovulation drug, 8-10 eggs released, then they take eggs and add sperm, they take on cell off of each embryo, looking for a specific genetic condition that runs in the family
Ultrasound
- looking for general size, size of brain heart chambers
Invasive
putting an instrument/needle into uterine lining
Amniocentesis
- happen regularly, someone has triple screen, shows risk take amniotic fluid and culture them
CVS
- happen regularly, 10-13 weeks, usually when you have a high risk pregnancy, can be done earlier than Amnio
Fetascopy
- go in with tiny camera on a tube into the cervix
Traditional Midwife
- low risk, home birth, women centered, low rate of intervention, some states legal, trained by other midwives
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
- someone is giving a hyperovulation drug, 8-10 eggs dropped, then they take eggs and add sperm, they take one cell off of embryo, often looking for a specific genetic condition, that runs in the family
Certified Nurse Midwife
-registered nurses, women/person centered, low risk, birthing center/hospital, low rate of intervention, trained to identify mid/high risk and send elsewhere
OBGYN
- any risk level, hospital,high rate of intervention
Family Practitioner
- low/moderate risk, hospital, parent and baby being treated as one, old school can treat the family as whole
OBGYN Litigation
- if any thing goes wrong hospital, doctors can get sued at an alarming rate, doctors tended to intervene, because if they don’ t interven and something goes wrong, it can be used against them, also OBGYN are surgically trained so might as well use skills
Doula
- a trained professional who provides continuous, physical, emotional and informational support to their client before, during and shortly after childbirth to help them achieve the healthiest, most satisfying experience possible
Birth Doula
- take care of birthing person
Postpartum Doula
- take care of postpartum mom, baby and other kids
Death Doula
go with dying doulas, help assist people with transition from life to death
issues surrounding birth
- safety - birth should be in a hospital with OB/drugs- when birthing in a hospital, more vulnerable to saying yes - control - loose control when in a hospital setting - intervention, drugs, surgical intervention, episotomy, c section
Drugs
- narcotics, things to relax, blocks = epidural, numbs from waist down, every single drug could case a potential problem,
Midwife Model of Care
- the midwives model of care is based on the fact that pregnanyc and birth are normal life events - monitoring the physical, psychological and social well being, throughout childbearing cycle - providing the person with individualized education, counseling
Germinal Period
- conception - week 2 - fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube, sperm swim throught uterus and fallopian tube - hostile process - all along this sperm are dying - one sperm fertilizes the eg - cell divides and divides - Day 5 - hallow ball of cells form = Blastocyst Day 9 = attaches to uterine wall, inner cell mass detaches and forms embryonic discDay 15 - missed period possibly, but most people only have slight change
Embryonic Disk components
- Ectoderm = skin, hair, nails, and nervous system Endoderm - gut and organs Mesoderm - muscles, heart and bloos
Placenta
provides:- nutrients, oxygen, antibodies Takes away:= waste products, screens many but not all harmful agents
What to do with Placenta?
buried it, plant a tree - humans have started to eat placentas - send placenta to a company, freeze dried placenta, supposedly cure all
Rubella
german measles, a thing we vaccinate against, won’t vie you a vaccine while pregnant, severe flu for week, embryo will have vision problems, brain problems, resulting in cognitive deficits, still birth
Embryonic Period
- this period people often don’t know they are pregnant, avg. menstrual cycle - 23 days - some people skip periods if someone conceived an unplanned pregnancy, might unknowingly be engaging in teratogens - week 2-8 - sensitive period - most serious teratogenic effects develop here - central nervous system - heart, limbs, digestive tracts
Herpes
sores around the mouth/genitals, if in genital region, could get in mucus membrane, can be deadly, must have c section
Toxoplasmosis
= cats carry a lot of toxoplasmosis, can get it from direct contact with cat feces, if you’ve been around cats all your life, probably exposed, also in rare/raw meat, must have thoroughly cooked, damage CNS< resulting in cognitive deficits, hydrocephalus
DES
drug prescribed to prevent spontaneous abortion did not work, babies born fine, then in adolescence girls cervical cancer, found that all mother took DES, cancer went undetected until late, a lot also had cervical abnormalities, led to fertility issues, male bodies had higher infertility, testicular cancer
Thalidomide
prescribed around the world, 50s - 60s, nausea during pregnancy, Franis wouldn’t let it be prescribed in the U.S, babies were born without arms and legs, didn’t do this on animals
Aspirin
embryo developing heart defects, hemorrhaging as mother gives birth
Caffeine
not a lot of data shows problems for humans, but animal work, some in human arousal = lack of sleep, baby cannot break it down like humans can
Cocaine
uterine contractions, short gestation, low birth weight, termination, people who do coke tend to do other drugs, multi drug effects
Alcohol
fetal alc syndrome = binge drinking, alcohol spectrum problems, with learning, memory, CNS, eye spaced far, head smaller, lower doses causes some effects, kids with lower dose not identified, less remediation
Marijuana
O2 deprivation, results in lower birth rate, shorter gestation
Heroin
born addicted to heroin, painful withdrawal, which they have to medicate baby through
Smoking
cigarettes are damaging to placenta, you can see damage, doesn’t support pregnancy as well, higher rate of SIDS, leukemia, not a ton of work on vapes,
Cleft Palate
can happen due to unknown reasons, teratogenic effects, babies must undergo surgery which is scary
Fetal Period
week 8 to birth, period of growth and maturation, quickening = when you feel baby moving, 16 weeks, 20/24 weeks big enough to kick and poke, physiologically makes things very real, 24 weeks = viability,if born baby could survive, immature lungs, term = 40 wks from last period
Birth - Stage One (14-16 hours)
dilation and effacement (thinning of the cervix), transition (10 cm to fully dilated), contraction irregularly move closer to stage 2, more regular
Stage 2 (1 hour)
cervix fully dilated, very strong, 2 minutes apart, pushing, birth
Stage 3 (15- 30 minutes)
delivery of the placenta
C section
rates are at an all time high, certain progress on clock, when doesn’t happen C section occurs
Advantages of Human Lactation
- idea in the social media, post that milk react with saliva backwash of baby - human bodies are bioengineering breastmilk - best nutritionally, whey long chains of fatty acids, PUFA encourages neural growth - IQ differences favor breastfed exclusively at least 6 months
C section complications
infection, hemorrhage, embolism, anesthesia, injuries to other organs, rupture, future difficulty, long term - adhesion, scarring, obstructed bowels, placenta, accreta, placenta previa
Advantages of breastfeeding for babies
- fewer gastrointestinal infections - fewer respiratory infections - fewer doctors visits - fewer allergies - lower incidence of obesity - lower cholesterol - lower incidence of child obesity
Advantage of breastfeeding for parents
La Leche League
- international group of women- often people learn about this from moms - broken chain -group that helps people learn how to nurse, edu meetings - support meetings - not wired into our brains on how to do this - must position baby correctly over the nipple
research on breastfeeding
- exclusive breastfeeding (2010)- method - 716 mothers and infants in the netherlands Results = exclusive breastfeeding to 4 months and partial to 6 reduced the risk of illness - stopping prior to 6 months did not
Lactation issues in the U.S
- sexualization of breasts- study found that men all believed breasts purpose was them - breastfeeding in public (uncomfy) - convienent only if baby and parent are together - breastfeeding and working outside of the home - sleeping issues = babies digest breastmilk quickly, get more full and wake up less with formula
Breastfeeding and Cognition
- what is going on here - Gustafasson - method = longitudinal sampling of colostrum, and then breastfeeding at 1 month, 3 months, - 3 factors, gestational age, PUFA, and length of breastfeeding impacted IQ
Cosleeping
- adult beds highly unsafe unlike cribs - sleeping in bed facilitates breastfeeding
Advantages of cosleeping
- SIDS protection - antibodies - babies sleep lightly - way they are positioned - parent is aware of them, baby and parent get synchronized in breathing - moms who were coseeping, underestimated number of time they week up - in early infancy babies sleep better- sleep lighter
Disadvantage of Cosleeping
- may disrupt parents sleep - may mess up sex life - hard to get them out - sleep lighter (parents)
Advantages of cosleeping
- parents may sleep better - learn to go to sleep alone - sleep more deeply (wake less frequently)
babies sleeping alone disadvantages
- SIDS risk is higher - harder to breastfeed - sleep more deeply
Is it safe to sleep with baby?
- you develop a sense that baby is in bed - no drugs or alchohol for the parents - sleep on hard surface (no waterbeds) - no soft bedding - no spaces where a baby could get stuck (between frame and mattress in couch cushion)
Cosleeping issues
- solitary sleep has only been happening here for about 60 years
- cosleeping is really common even in our culture
- collectivism (view cosleeping as a way to bond) vs individualism (greater desire for self soothe, put themsleves to sleep)
What issues have come about from infant solitary sleep?
- comfort objects
- nightmares/night terrors
- bedtime rituals
Link between cosleeping and breastfeeding
Mckenna strongly advocates for cosleeping only if breastfeeding is going on
- babies stay right at moms breast, only place they will go, formula fed babies rolling eberywhere
- variation of IQ may be from cosleeping instead of breastfeeding
Infants at higher risk
-formula fed babies
- infants who are placed on stomach to sleep
- infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy
- infants in an environment with smokers
- male infants
- premature infants
- infants who sleep alone
A big change in baby sleeping position
- in 1994 70% of the babies in the US were placed on tehre stomach in 2002, 11.3%
- SID rate 1962, 1.2 per thousand
- “back to sleep” program incredibly effective
Backlash - babies placed on there stomach sleep more deeply
SUIDS
- Sudden unexpected infant death
-triple risk model - vulnerable infant (possibly have a lower level of BCHe
- critical period of development (2-4 months)
- environmental stressors (smoking unsafe, sleeping practices)
- new in hospital co-sleepers for new moms
- created to aid c-section moms
