Quiz 1 post exam 2 Flashcards
Puberty
sexual maturation becomes evident
- biologically capable of becoming parents
- greatest period of sexual differentiation since interuterine life
- onset different for girls and boys
- girls begin with growth spurts at about 10.5
- boys begin a growth spurt at 12.5
- the path may be different for intersex conditions
Puberty in folks with female sex traits
girls: range of start (8-13 yrs)
- early signs
- breast development - breast budding
- growth spurt- height and weight
- pubic hair development
- menarche (12.8 yrs) very first period
- generally no mature ova are produced
Puberty education in school
- video places emphasis on hygiene
- rather than education of what is actually going on
Puberty in folks with male sex traits
- boys range of start (9.5-13.5 yrs)
- ealry signs
- enlargement of testes, penis
- pubic hair development
- growht spurt (muscle development)
Spermarhce (around 13) - first ejaculation, although semen has few living sperm
Psychological impact of timing of puberty
- 3 times, early, late, on time
- not necessarily a period of storm and stress
- research doesn’t back up stress and anxiety increases for all adolescence
- individual changes, moving, divorce, global pandemic
- but if it’s ob time with peers is best
- there are gender differences in impact and timing of puberty
Early puberty for girls
- girls
- below average popularity
- withdrawn
- lacking self confidence
- stressed
- poorer body image
- higher risk eating disorders
- early sexual debut
early puberty in boys
- seen as relaxed, independent, self confident, popular
- attractive
- good body image
- leaders -athletes
Late puberty in girls
- regarded as physically attractive
- lively
-sociable - leaders
- good body image
Late puberty in boys
- viewed as anxious
- overly talkative
- attention seeking
- poor body image
Which is worse?
early girls, leads to most body related disorders, most common/problamatic
Earlier puberty in boys
2012 AAP
- boys pubertal development was 6 months to 2 years earlier than data several decades ago
- boys NON hispanic, white, 10.4 years
- boys non hispanic African american, 9.14 years
- boys hispanic 10.4 years
Causes of earlier puberty
- changes indiet
- obesity in girls (body fat stores estrogen)
- possibly environmental toxinc, EDC
- changes in sleep
—erratic sleep patterns - more blue screen exposure
- changes in medical care
- family structure
- media - very sexualized
Is early puberty bad?
- physical consequences
- prolonged exposure to estrogen
- more exposure increase adolescent
- psychological consequences
judged on appearance, judged as older, than they are, teased, maturity not liked to appears
What can parents do? - breastfeed baby
- push for earlier puberty education in schools
- don’t disparage there bodies “im so fat”
Ellis and Garber (2000) - consequences of early puberty
physical
- higher rate of breast cancer
- obesity
- teenage pregnancy
psychological
- more body image disturbance
- more emotional problems
- more “problematic” behavior
Ellis and Garber- past literature explores biology
- monozygotic (identical), twins average difference in months
- reared together 2.8 months in getting period
- reared apart 9.3 months
- Dizygotic (fraternal) twins average difference in months
- reared together 12 months apart getting period
Interpreted - something is going on environmentally
- difference between together and apart
- something about environment can push puberty around
Belsky, Steinburg and Draper
- proposed an evolutionary model of reproductive effort
- model rests on bilogically asesses
- availability and predictability of resources
- trustworthiness of others
- enduringness of close personal relationships
- if environment is it may be adaptive to reproduce earlier
Girls and environmental relationships
causes
- family stress
- lack of resources
- father absence
- coercive relationships
- lack of family support
effects
- accelerates puberty
- accelerates sexual behavior
- orients towards unstable relationships
Hyptotheses
- history of mood disorders in mom will predict early puberty
- higher family stress will predict ealry puberty
- girls from father absent homes will experience puberty earlier
- amount of time with unrelated males –> ealry puberty
Method
- short term, longitudinal study
- mother completed questionares
- daughters completed surver of pubertal states
- 97 families, 47 father absent
All hypotheses were coreect - find-out related to famlily structure very shocking
Boys? - james, ellis, schlomer and garber 2012
- looked at boys and girls
- risk taking, family stress, percieved mate value
- father absence = early puberty in girls not bous
- risk taking, percieved mate value = early for girls and boys
Ellis and Diel Guidance, 2019
- comfortable, childhood, low stress, delayed puberty
Pandemic: Verzani et al (2021)
- found earlier puberty for girls
- medically referals for early puberty
- 2020 = 206 patients, 2019- 118 patients
- increased 108%
- boys 9 in 2020, 6 in 2019
- changes in diet during pandemic
- blue screen exposure
- reported changes in stress level
- pandemic contributed to ealry puberty
Life history theory
- organisms face trade offs facing development constraints
- this has been applied to pubertal timing particularly in girls
Moral development
- has an emotional component
- has a behavioral component
- cognitive component - planned cheating
Biological moral development theory
- altruism = when people help other people without regard to there own safety, altrusim in animals
- have developed some sense of it
- whales saving dolphins from sharks
- humans on highway moving turtles
Freud moral development
phallic period - boys superergo forms during oedipus conflict
girls superego forms during electra conflict
- freud though girls has weaker superego
Piaget moral development
- stages
Moral reaslism: (4-7 years)
= focus on rules as unchangable - not much understanding of inteiton
1st story- kid wants a cookie, mom says no, gets on counter to steal cookie, breaks a cup
2nd story - kid hits swinging door, knocks over moms china collection
kids asked what is worse say 2nd one, because broke 12 cups - belief in imminent justice - when you can do something bad, will get punished
Morality of reprocity (10 years and up)
understand that rules can be changed - understand intention
- stressed importance of peers
Kohlberg theory of moral development
- assessed moral reasoning using a series of moral dilemma
Heinz Dilemmna - heinz wife has a rare form of cancer, drugist in town, found cure, drug was really expensive, asked to only pay half, drugist said no - developed a hierarchial stage thoery
Level 1: preconventional
a) obedience punihsment - people in moral situaitons, behave because of punishment, particularly physical
b.) marketplace - bargaining stage, if you do this, you get that
Level 2 conventional
a). good girls/good boy - worried about how family and friends will feel
b) social order maintaining - focused on laws and rules
- very concerned rules are not changeable
Level 3: Principal
a) social contrac t - we make rules that are best for people
- we have bad laws we can change them
b) indiviudal principles - internalized own moral systems
- don’t care what others think
- If “I was heinz)
ONLY TESTED ON BOYS
Gilligan’s view of moral reasoning
- focused on women
- believes there are gender differences in moral reasoning
- males see the world as a hierarchy of power
- ## females see world as a series of interconnected relationships
Moral reasoning and moral behavior
- moral reasoning and moral behavior are related at the higher level of moral thinking
- much of moral reasoning remain impulsive
- many other factors affect moral behavior
- emotionally, personal history, pay off
Identity
- commitment to a
- ideological stance
- vocation
- sexual orientation
- but it is way more often than that
Erikson
trust vs mistrust (1st year)
autonomy vs shame and doubt(1-3 years)
- initative vs guilt (3-5)
industry vs inferiority (6- puberty)
- identity vs role confusion (10-20
someone forces indedity on you can lead to role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation (20- 30_
romantic, siblings
generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair (60s on)
- lots of regrets
Identity vs role confusion
- erikson
- looked specifically crisis
- crisis and commitment
- crisis leads to exploration
4 identity statuses - identity diffusion (no cruss, no commitment)
- identity foreclosure (commitment, no crisis)
- idenitty moratrium ( in crisis, no commitment)
- identity achievemnt (crisis and have commited)
- could be stage like progression but doesnt have to be
