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PSYCH 220 - Developmental > Quiz 1 post exam 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 post exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Puberty

A

sexual maturation becomes evident
- biologically capable of becoming parents
- greatest period of sexual differentiation since interuterine life
- onset different for girls and boys
- girls begin with growth spurts at about 10.5
- boys begin a growth spurt at 12.5
- the path may be different for intersex conditions

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2
Q

Puberty in folks with female sex traits

A

girls: range of start (8-13 yrs)
- early signs
- breast development - breast budding
- growth spurt- height and weight
- pubic hair development
- menarche (12.8 yrs) very first period
- generally no mature ova are produced

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3
Q

Puberty education in school

A
  • video places emphasis on hygiene
  • rather than education of what is actually going on
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4
Q

Puberty in folks with male sex traits

A
  • boys range of start (9.5-13.5 yrs)
  • ealry signs
  • enlargement of testes, penis
  • pubic hair development
  • growht spurt (muscle development)
    Spermarhce (around 13)
  • first ejaculation, although semen has few living sperm
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5
Q

Psychological impact of timing of puberty

A
  • 3 times, early, late, on time
  • not necessarily a period of storm and stress
  • research doesn’t back up stress and anxiety increases for all adolescence
  • individual changes, moving, divorce, global pandemic
  • but if it’s ob time with peers is best
  • there are gender differences in impact and timing of puberty
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6
Q

Early puberty for girls

A
  • girls
  • below average popularity
  • withdrawn
  • lacking self confidence
  • stressed
  • poorer body image
  • higher risk eating disorders
  • early sexual debut
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7
Q

early puberty in boys

A
  • seen as relaxed, independent, self confident, popular
  • attractive
  • good body image
  • leaders -athletes
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8
Q

Late puberty in girls

A
  • regarded as physically attractive
  • lively
    -sociable
  • leaders
  • good body image
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9
Q

Late puberty in boys

A
  • viewed as anxious
  • overly talkative
  • attention seeking
  • poor body image
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10
Q

Which is worse?

A

early girls, leads to most body related disorders, most common/problamatic

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11
Q

Earlier puberty in boys

A

2012 AAP
- boys pubertal development was 6 months to 2 years earlier than data several decades ago
- boys NON hispanic, white, 10.4 years
- boys non hispanic African american, 9.14 years
- boys hispanic 10.4 years

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12
Q

Causes of earlier puberty

A
  • changes indiet
  • obesity in girls (body fat stores estrogen)
  • possibly environmental toxinc, EDC
  • changes in sleep
    —erratic sleep patterns
  • more blue screen exposure
  • changes in medical care
  • family structure
  • media - very sexualized
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13
Q

Is early puberty bad?

A
  • physical consequences
  • prolonged exposure to estrogen
  • more exposure increase adolescent
  • psychological consequences
    judged on appearance, judged as older, than they are, teased, maturity not liked to appears
    What can parents do?
  • breastfeed baby
  • push for earlier puberty education in schools
  • don’t disparage there bodies “im so fat”
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14
Q

Ellis and Garber (2000) - consequences of early puberty

A

physical
- higher rate of breast cancer
- obesity
- teenage pregnancy
psychological
- more body image disturbance
- more emotional problems
- more “problematic” behavior

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15
Q

Ellis and Garber- past literature explores biology

A
  • monozygotic (identical), twins average difference in months
  • reared together 2.8 months in getting period
  • reared apart 9.3 months
  • Dizygotic (fraternal) twins average difference in months
  • reared together 12 months apart getting period
    Interpreted
  • something is going on environmentally
  • difference between together and apart
  • something about environment can push puberty around
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16
Q

Belsky, Steinburg and Draper

A
  • proposed an evolutionary model of reproductive effort
  • model rests on bilogically asesses
  • availability and predictability of resources
  • trustworthiness of others
  • enduringness of close personal relationships
  • if environment is it may be adaptive to reproduce earlier
17
Q

Girls and environmental relationships

A

causes
- family stress
- lack of resources
- father absence
- coercive relationships
- lack of family support
effects
- accelerates puberty
- accelerates sexual behavior
- orients towards unstable relationships

18
Q

Hyptotheses

A
  • history of mood disorders in mom will predict early puberty
  • higher family stress will predict ealry puberty
  • girls from father absent homes will experience puberty earlier
  • amount of time with unrelated males –> ealry puberty
19
Q

Method

A
  • short term, longitudinal study
  • mother completed questionares
  • daughters completed surver of pubertal states
  • 97 families, 47 father absent
    All hypotheses were coreect
  • find-out related to famlily structure very shocking
20
Q

Boys? - james, ellis, schlomer and garber 2012

A
  • looked at boys and girls
  • risk taking, family stress, percieved mate value
  • father absence = early puberty in girls not bous
  • risk taking, percieved mate value = early for girls and boys
21
Q

Ellis and Diel Guidance, 2019

A
  • comfortable, childhood, low stress, delayed puberty
22
Q

Pandemic: Verzani et al (2021)

A
  • found earlier puberty for girls
  • medically referals for early puberty
  • 2020 = 206 patients, 2019- 118 patients
  • increased 108%
  • boys 9 in 2020, 6 in 2019
  • changes in diet during pandemic
  • blue screen exposure
  • reported changes in stress level
  • pandemic contributed to ealry puberty
23
Q

Life history theory

A
  • organisms face trade offs facing development constraints
  • this has been applied to pubertal timing particularly in girls
24
Q

Moral development

A
  • has an emotional component
  • has a behavioral component
  • cognitive component - planned cheating
25
Q

Biological moral development theory

A
  • altruism = when people help other people without regard to there own safety, altrusim in animals
  • have developed some sense of it
  • whales saving dolphins from sharks
  • humans on highway moving turtles
26
Q

Freud moral development

A

phallic period - boys superergo forms during oedipus conflict
girls superego forms during electra conflict
- freud though girls has weaker superego

27
Q

Piaget moral development

A
  • stages
    Moral reaslism: (4-7 years)
    = focus on rules as unchangable
  • not much understanding of inteiton
    1st story- kid wants a cookie, mom says no, gets on counter to steal cookie, breaks a cup
    2nd story - kid hits swinging door, knocks over moms china collection
    kids asked what is worse say 2nd one, because broke 12 cups
  • belief in imminent justice - when you can do something bad, will get punished
    Morality of reprocity (10 years and up)
    understand that rules can be changed
  • understand intention
  • stressed importance of peers
28
Q

Kohlberg theory of moral development

A
  • assessed moral reasoning using a series of moral dilemma
    Heinz Dilemmna - heinz wife has a rare form of cancer, drugist in town, found cure, drug was really expensive, asked to only pay half, drugist said no
  • developed a hierarchial stage thoery
    Level 1: preconventional
    a) obedience punihsment
  • people in moral situaitons, behave because of punishment, particularly physical
    b.) marketplace
  • bargaining stage, if you do this, you get that
    Level 2 conventional
    a). good girls/good boy
  • worried about how family and friends will feel
    b) social order maintaining
  • focused on laws and rules
  • very concerned rules are not changeable
    Level 3: Principal
    a) social contrac t
  • we make rules that are best for people
  • we have bad laws we can change them
    b) indiviudal principles
  • internalized own moral systems
  • don’t care what others think
  • If “I was heinz)
    ONLY TESTED ON BOYS
29
Q

Gilligan’s view of moral reasoning

A
  • focused on women
  • believes there are gender differences in moral reasoning
  • males see the world as a hierarchy of power
  • ## females see world as a series of interconnected relationships
30
Q

Moral reasoning and moral behavior

A
  • moral reasoning and moral behavior are related at the higher level of moral thinking
  • much of moral reasoning remain impulsive
  • many other factors affect moral behavior
  • emotionally, personal history, pay off
31
Q

Identity

A
  • commitment to a
  • ideological stance
  • vocation
  • sexual orientation
  • but it is way more often than that
32
Q

Erikson

A

trust vs mistrust (1st year)
autonomy vs shame and doubt(1-3 years)
- initative vs guilt (3-5)
industry vs inferiority (6- puberty)
- identity vs role confusion (10-20
someone forces indedity on you can lead to role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation (20- 30_
romantic, siblings
generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair (60s on)
- lots of regrets

33
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A
  • erikson
  • looked specifically crisis
  • crisis and commitment
  • crisis leads to exploration
    4 identity statuses
  • identity diffusion (no cruss, no commitment)
  • identity foreclosure (commitment, no crisis)
  • idenitty moratrium ( in crisis, no commitment)
  • identity achievemnt (crisis and have commited)
  • could be stage like progression but doesnt have to be

PSYCH 220 - Developmental (10 decks)

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