Quiz 1 post exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty

A

sexual maturation becomes evident
- biologically capable of becoming parents
- greatest period of sexual differentiation since interuterine life
- onset different for girls and boys
- girls begin with growth spurts at about 10.5
- boys begin a growth spurt at 12.5
- the path may be different for intersex conditions

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2
Q

Puberty in folks with female sex traits

A

girls: range of start (8-13 yrs)
- early signs
- breast development - breast budding
- growth spurt- height and weight
- pubic hair development
- menarche (12.8 yrs) very first period
- generally no mature ova are produced

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3
Q

Puberty education in school

A
  • video places emphasis on hygiene
  • rather than education of what is actually going on
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4
Q

Puberty in folks with male sex traits

A
  • boys range of start (9.5-13.5 yrs)
  • ealry signs
  • enlargement of testes, penis
  • pubic hair development
  • growht spurt (muscle development)
    Spermarhce (around 13)
  • first ejaculation, although semen has few living sperm
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5
Q

Psychological impact of timing of puberty

A
  • 3 times, early, late, on time
  • not necessarily a period of storm and stress
  • research doesn’t back up stress and anxiety increases for all adolescence
  • individual changes, moving, divorce, global pandemic
  • but if it’s ob time with peers is best
  • there are gender differences in impact and timing of puberty
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6
Q

Early puberty for girls

A
  • girls
  • below average popularity
  • withdrawn
  • lacking self confidence
  • stressed
  • poorer body image
  • higher risk eating disorders
  • early sexual debut
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7
Q

early puberty in boys

A
  • seen as relaxed, independent, self confident, popular
  • attractive
  • good body image
  • leaders -athletes
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8
Q

Late puberty in girls

A
  • regarded as physically attractive
  • lively
    -sociable
  • leaders
  • good body image
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9
Q

Late puberty in boys

A
  • viewed as anxious
  • overly talkative
  • attention seeking
  • poor body image
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10
Q

Which is worse?

A

early girls, leads to most body related disorders, most common/problamatic

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11
Q

Earlier puberty in boys

A

2012 AAP
- boys pubertal development was 6 months to 2 years earlier than data several decades ago
- boys NON hispanic, white, 10.4 years
- boys non hispanic African american, 9.14 years
- boys hispanic 10.4 years

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12
Q

Causes of earlier puberty

A
  • changes indiet
  • obesity in girls (body fat stores estrogen)
  • possibly environmental toxinc, EDC
  • changes in sleep
    —erratic sleep patterns
  • more blue screen exposure
  • changes in medical care
  • family structure
  • media - very sexualized
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13
Q

Is early puberty bad?

A
  • physical consequences
  • prolonged exposure to estrogen
  • more exposure increase adolescent
  • psychological consequences
    judged on appearance, judged as older, than they are, teased, maturity not liked to appears
    What can parents do?
  • breastfeed baby
  • push for earlier puberty education in schools
  • don’t disparage there bodies “im so fat”
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14
Q

Ellis and Garber (2000) - consequences of early puberty

A

physical
- higher rate of breast cancer
- obesity
- teenage pregnancy
psychological
- more body image disturbance
- more emotional problems
- more “problematic” behavior

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15
Q

Ellis and Garber- past literature explores biology

A
  • monozygotic (identical), twins average difference in months
  • reared together 2.8 months in getting period
  • reared apart 9.3 months
  • Dizygotic (fraternal) twins average difference in months
  • reared together 12 months apart getting period
    Interpreted
  • something is going on environmentally
  • difference between together and apart
  • something about environment can push puberty around
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16
Q

Belsky, Steinburg and Draper

A
  • proposed an evolutionary model of reproductive effort
  • model rests on bilogically asesses
  • availability and predictability of resources
  • trustworthiness of others
  • enduringness of close personal relationships
  • if environment is it may be adaptive to reproduce earlier
17
Q

Girls and environmental relationships

A

causes
- family stress
- lack of resources
- father absence
- coercive relationships
- lack of family support
effects
- accelerates puberty
- accelerates sexual behavior
- orients towards unstable relationships

18
Q

Hyptotheses

A
  • history of mood disorders in mom will predict early puberty
  • higher family stress will predict ealry puberty
  • girls from father absent homes will experience puberty earlier
  • amount of time with unrelated males –> ealry puberty
19
Q

Method

A
  • short term, longitudinal study
  • mother completed questionares
  • daughters completed surver of pubertal states
  • 97 families, 47 father absent
    All hypotheses were coreect
  • find-out related to famlily structure very shocking
20
Q

Boys? - james, ellis, schlomer and garber 2012

A
  • looked at boys and girls
  • risk taking, family stress, percieved mate value
  • father absence = early puberty in girls not bous
  • risk taking, percieved mate value = early for girls and boys
21
Q

Ellis and Diel Guidance, 2019

A
  • comfortable, childhood, low stress, delayed puberty
22
Q

Pandemic: Verzani et al (2021)

A
  • found earlier puberty for girls
  • medically referals for early puberty
  • 2020 = 206 patients, 2019- 118 patients
  • increased 108%
  • boys 9 in 2020, 6 in 2019
  • changes in diet during pandemic
  • blue screen exposure
  • reported changes in stress level
  • pandemic contributed to ealry puberty
23
Q

Life history theory

A
  • organisms face trade offs facing development constraints
  • this has been applied to pubertal timing particularly in girls
24
Q

Moral development

A
  • has an emotional component
  • has a behavioral component
  • cognitive component - planned cheating
25
Biological moral development theory
- altruism = when people help other people without regard to there own safety, altrusim in animals - have developed some sense of it - whales saving dolphins from sharks - humans on highway moving turtles
26
Freud moral development
phallic period - boys superergo forms during oedipus conflict girls superego forms during electra conflict - freud though girls has weaker superego
27
Piaget moral development
- stages Moral reaslism: (4-7 years) = focus on rules as unchangable - not much understanding of inteiton 1st story- kid wants a cookie, mom says no, gets on counter to steal cookie, breaks a cup 2nd story - kid hits swinging door, knocks over moms china collection kids asked what is worse say 2nd one, because broke 12 cups - belief in imminent justice - when you can do something bad, will get punished Morality of reprocity (10 years and up) understand that rules can be changed - understand intention - stressed importance of peers
28
Kohlberg theory of moral development
- assessed moral reasoning using a series of moral dilemma Heinz Dilemmna - heinz wife has a rare form of cancer, drugist in town, found cure, drug was really expensive, asked to only pay half, drugist said no - developed a hierarchial stage thoery Level 1: preconventional a) obedience punihsment - people in moral situaitons, behave because of punishment, particularly physical b.) marketplace - bargaining stage, if you do this, you get that Level 2 conventional a). good girls/good boy - worried about how family and friends will feel b) social order maintaining - focused on laws and rules - very concerned rules are not changeable Level 3: Principal a) social contrac t - we make rules that are best for people - we have bad laws we can change them b) indiviudal principles - internalized own moral systems - don't care what others think - If "I was heinz) ONLY TESTED ON BOYS
29
Gilligan's view of moral reasoning
- focused on women - believes there are gender differences in moral reasoning - males see the world as a hierarchy of power - females see world as a series of interconnected relationships -
30
Moral reasoning and moral behavior
- moral reasoning and moral behavior are related at the higher level of moral thinking - much of moral reasoning remain impulsive - many other factors affect moral behavior - emotionally, personal history, pay off
31
Identity
- commitment to a - ideological stance - vocation - sexual orientation - but it is way more often than that
32
Erikson
trust vs mistrust (1st year) autonomy vs shame and doubt(1-3 years) - initative vs guilt (3-5) industry vs inferiority (6- puberty) - identity vs role confusion (10-20 someone forces indedity on you can lead to role confusion - intimacy vs isolation (20- 30_ romantic, siblings generativity vs stagnation - ego integrity vs despair (60s on) - lots of regrets
33
Identity vs role confusion
- erikson - looked specifically crisis - crisis and commitment - crisis leads to exploration 4 identity statuses - identity diffusion (no cruss, no commitment) - identity foreclosure (commitment, no crisis) - idenitty moratrium ( in crisis, no commitment) - identity achievemnt (crisis and have commited) - could be stage like progression but doesnt have to be