Quiz 1 Flashcards
What is a theory?
- set of ideas or organizing principles
- relevant assumptions based on beliefs about a phenomena
- systematically related to each other
Empirical and Operational defintions
- precise can look at it from study to study, operationalized
ex - colic in a baby, 3x a day, 3x a week, 3 by 3 by 3 - fruedian fixation, PMS, terrible twos,
The menstrual stress/Joy Questionare
- people have rxn to menstrual cycle
- menstrual destress question = way to operationalize it
- when we try an operationalize something we can’t let bias sneak in
Development theories allow us to:
Describe - being able to describe what they should be doing in a typical phase
Explain - explain accurately what is happening
Predict - being able to predict and aid , ie predicting learning disabilities
Development is the following domains
Cognitive
Social - humans tend to be fairly social, how we interact
Physical - how the brain changes/bodies change, puberty
ALL interact not independent of one another
Otitus Media
symptoms - snotty nose, eye drainage, cranky, frequent night waking, cranky, unwillingness to lie flat, fever, crying, screaming
Ear infections
- adults have nasal canals which tilt up
- kids get more
- we put drains (tubes)
- omoxycilin
OM issues
- not contagious but respiratory infections are
- OM is more common in daycare situations
- OM is less common in breastfed babies, anitbodies in milk
current concern
antibodies = developing resistance
tubes = relatively uncommon in other countries
Otitus Media and Daycare attending Toddlers
- purpose examine effect of OM on children in three daycare situations
- children (12-18 months) were divided into chromic and non chronic OM
- cildren were given a picture book and reading task,
Results - mothers rated kids with chronic OM as less attentive
- children with chronic OM in low quality daycare setting, attended less and shared more off task behavior on the picture book
Age Graded/History graded (cohort)
- History graded = great depression, on people who grew up on canned food, sexual revolution, more unplanned pregnancyies, post sexual revolution, more sex less unplanned pregnancies
- Age graded = changes that happen at certain ages, going to kindergarten at 5, graduate high school at 18
Non Normative
- we have individual difference, not everyone has a pony, only child, grew up in rural area
Cohort
- people who are born at the same time, studying how kids learn to crawl
Development is … Multidimensional
- during development multiple things are developing but sometimes development declines
- teen buzz only under 25 can hear
- one town put up speakers playing the noise to stop teens from hanging out
Organismic World View
- egg -> caterpillar -> butterfly
- qualitative change (stages/levels)
- active development - actively engaging with the world
- movement towards a goal, point where you are developed
- seen an endpoint
Mechanistic World View
- no qualitative change
- passive reaction
- no movement towards a goal
- can’t meet in the middle because they are worldviews
Contextual World View
- considers perspective between individuals and their physical, cognitive, and social worlds
Ethology
- emphasis on relevance of environmental contexts
- seeks to understand the adoptive or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history
- important ethological concepts
Imprinting
baby geese, form a bond with first body they see, baby geese imprint on human
Sensitive/Critical Periods
letting babies bond w/parents instead of taken away, those allowed to bond reached more physical milestones faster
Bonding
importance of bonding changed birthing practices
Do humans imprint?
Klaus and Kennel - babies were permitted/not permitted to bond, babies who imprinted, reached milestones more quickly
- species specific responses (laughing/tickling)
- “Babyness” - rounded head shape, large eyes, below middle of head, protruding forehead, Bambi = exaggerated baby cues
The ecological Approach - Bronfenbrenner
- “embedded in the real world
- believed development exists in a series of nested concepts
Microsystem - individuals immediate surroundings, families, friends, coworkers, people you go to church with
Mesosystem - connections among microsystems, parents interacting with teachers
Exosystem - doesn’t directly contain the individual but influences them, teacher snapping at there kids becuase of a bad work day
Macrosystem- values, ideals, customs and laws of a particular culture, in the U.S very scared of birht, highly sexual media
Chronosystem - (temporal/time) - having a sister, 4 years apart, children born during the pandemic
Independent Variable
- variable you manipulate, different TV shows
Dependent Variable
- impacted by changing I.V
Reliability
- consistency, car is reliable doing what it should do consistently, does it test consistly, odds vs evem
Validity
- is it measuring what it’s supposed to measure? IQ tests are they valid? argue that they don’t measure intelligence yet achievement
Cross Sectional Design
- you are getting groups of folks at different ages, testing and comparing
Advantages - quick, inexpensive, differences in behavior at diffrent points of development can be studied
Disadvantages - no info about determinants of age cohort, you have to make sure that your cohorts match on all variable, older gens have less years of school
Longitudinal Design
subject assessed repeatedly
Advantages - stability of behavior can be determined, impact of early events on later behavior can be investigated differences in behavior at different point in development can be studied
Disadvantages - cost, subject loss, changes in ppl, infexibility, test/retest effects,
Sequential Design
- combines cross sectional and longitudinal
- advantages - flexible .stability of behavior can be determined, impact of early events on later behavior can be investigated, differences in behavior at different point in developmental studies
Disadvantages = cost, subject loss, test/retest effects
Correlational Studies
- correlational does not equal causation
Positive Correlation
- if you score high on one, score high on another/low on the other
Negative Correlation
- if you score high on one, low on the other
Correlation Coefficent
- looking at relationship between 2 variables -1/1 strong
Naturalistic Observation
- Jane Goodall looked at chimps, might act differently in presence, you need to be there until they ignore you, become part of the background
no manipulation, change in environment
Structured Observation
- setting up something so its biased, studying sharing, not enough toys for everyone
Clinical Interview
- John Piaget, follow up question dependent on what is aid, NO leading questions
Structured Interview
Same questions to everyone, less chance of bias, but the data isn’t as rich
Case Studies - Genie
- discovered at 13, her father though she was impaired congitivley, kept tied to a potty chair for 13 years, without human interaction, Genie went to a foster family, tried to see if she could learn language, socialize
Case Studies - David Reimer
- had a twin brother, being circumsized, malfunction, burn off his pensi, parents saw psychologist on TV, kids are raised gender nuetral, David had survery became Bredna, had his parents raise him as a girl, when 14 came out he was bullied, and was a boy, had reconstruction died bu sucicide
DNA
codes for templates of proteins that make up our body, timing of things
Genes
- organized by genes
Chromosomes
- 48 chromosomes sets of genes, DNA wrapped around histoproteins
Watson and Crook
got noble prize for discovering DNA, controversy because was actually Rosalind
Mitosis
cells replicate, replace themselves
Meiosis
- how we make gametes, reduction, division, sperm is doing it all the time, eggs are made in prenatal development, don’t divide as well as you get older
Homozygous
same from both parents
Heterozygous
genes from one parent are different
Dominant
the trait that is expressed in the presence of gene will be expressed
Recessive
you must get 2 recessive for trait to be present
Phenotype
trait/gene that you display
Genotype
CC, Cc, cc
Range of Reaction
idea that genes set the limits but the environment determines where you fall between the limits
Canalized
some gene expression can be pushed around by enviormental factors, ex = height, eye color, Strongly = cannot be pushed around ,Weakly = can be pushed around
Genetics
- incest causes many genetic issues
- possible to have a lethal condition expressed
- some genetic conditions are lethal
- NOW we can test for them, make decisions based on them
Dominantly inherited conditions
Huntington’s disease, Nuerofirbomatosis
Huntington’s Disease
- doesn’t start to express until 30/40, dominant, 50-50 shot kids will have it
- ultimately fatal, test available,
- degenerative of nerve cells in the brain
Nuerofibromatosis
- not typically fatal
- develop benighn tumors on the edge of nerves
- people more drastically impacted have them on face/body
Recessively inherited Conditions
Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell Anemia, PKU, tay sachs
Cystic Fibrosis
disease that impact lungs, build up of mucus can be life shortening (teens/mid adulthood)
- have to be homozygous about 30-40,000 ppl in the US 1 in 30 people
Sickle Cell Anemia
90.000 americans, more common in Africa, with malaria, very life shortening, but OK in the US, red blood cells sickle, clogs blood vessels, doesn’t get where it needs to go,
PKU
- amino acids builds up in the body, before understood baby fed typical food, damage brain, must eat a diet with little protein, now developed drugs
Tay sachs
- caused by an enzyme that helps breakdown certain fats, builds up to toxic amounts in spinal cord, seem fine at birth , seizures, paralysis death by three
Human X linked conditions
color blindess, Hemophilia, Severe combined Immune Deficiency
Color Blindness
- some follow x linked inherited pattern, gene is on the x chromosome, but no corresponding part on the y, if you get just on copy on x chromsome, will be expressed
Hemophilia
disordered, where your blood doesn’t clot properly, ppl who have more sever can be dangerous, royal family carrier
Sever Combined Immune Deficiency
- virtually every component of your immune system isn’t functioning, healthy immune systems we are fine, a boy born into sterile environment
Imprinting
one gene regardless of inheritance is silenced, happens alot during prenatal development, also throughout life
Fragile X syndrome
- there is a “broken” segment in the x chromosome
- dominantly inherited
- tends to be more of an issue with males, becuase only on X
- results in learning disabiltiies, and cognitive deficits
- long narrow face, prominents forehead, hgiher scale of seizures, autism spectrum disorder
Down Syndrome
most popular autosomal chrome condition
- get an extra chromosome in meiosis
- previously kids automatically institutionalized, heart problems not treated
- characteristics = short, stocky build, flat facial profile, heart abnormalities, higher risk of hernias
- the risk of down syndrom eincreases with maternal age,
Down Syndrome and Ableism
- in the U.S when down syndrome is detected 67% of pregnancies are terminated
- 2011 study showed people with down syndrome were happy with how they looked
First trimester Screen (noninvasive)
- blood test
- pregnancy associated plasma protein screening
- HCG
- ultrasound test for fetal nuchal tranlucency
- produced and elevated risk for down syndrome
- between 11-15 weeks
Triple or Quad Screen (noninvasive)
- 15- 22 weeks
- aplha fetoprotein
- human chronic gonadtropin
- Ue3
- inhibin A
Ultrasound
- looking for general size, slice of brain, heart chambers, 3D ultrasounds
CVS (invasive)
- happen regularly 10-13 weeks. happens when you hve a hgih risk pregnancy, can be done earlier than Amnio
Amniocentesis
happen regularly, someone has triple screen, shows risk, take amniotic fluid and culture them
PUBS
- go in with a needle to the umbilical cord, not common, peractuneus umbilical cord sampling
Fetascopy
- go in with a tiny camera, on a tube into the cervix
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
- someone is giving a hyperovulation drug, 8-10 eggs released, then they take eggs and add sperm, they take on cell off of each embryo, looking for a specific genetic condition that runs in the family
