Quiz 2 IMMUNITY PG9-14

Question 1

The ability of the body to fight off disease is called____?

Answer 1

Resistance

Question 2

The inability of the body to fight off disease is called____?

Answer 2

Susceptibility

Question 3

Disease producing organisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites are called?

Answer 3

Pathogens

Question 4

The capacity of a pathogen to cause disease is called___?

Answer 4

Virulence

Question 5

________ refers to quick general defence mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens

Answer 5

Non specific resistance
( also called innate immunity)

Question 6

__________ refers to a slower response to a specific pathogen involving the activation of specific lymphocytes

Answer 6

Specific resistance
( also called adaptive or acquired immunity)

Question 7

What are some examples of non specific defence mechanisms?

Answer 7

Stratified squamous epithelium of mucous membranes
Stomach acid with an acidic pH
Antibacterial substance lysozyme in tears an saliva

Question 8

What is the first line of defence of the body?

Answer 8

Skin and mucous membranes

Question 9

How do mucous membranes and the skin protect the body?

Answer 9

1.) mechanical protection
-many layers of keratinized squamous epithelia prevent penetration of skin
-mucous secretions trap particles and pathogens
-hair in nostrils filter
2.) chemical rotection
-low pH of sebum on skin gastric ice and vaginal secretions discourage bacterial growth
-LYSOZOME of tears, saliva, urine, sweat and nasal secretions break down cell walls of some bacteria
3.) vomiting and diarrhea expel pathogens
( toxins secreted by some bacteria irritate the intestinal lining triggering premature contractions leading to diarrhea)

Question 10

What is the 2nd line of defence if microbes get through the skin and mucous membranes?

Answer 10

1.) interferon
-a group of small proteins with antiviral properties
2.) Complement proteins
-a group of 20 inactive proteins which circulate in the blood plasma which when activated interact in a specific manner and sequence

Question 11

What are the 4 actions of activated complement proteins?

Answer 11

1.) MAC membrane attack complex
2.) increase capillary permeability by stimulating histamine release
3.) attract leukocytes to the site of invasion (chemotaxis)
4.) OPSONIZATION (coat the surface of the microbe with opsonins, thereby making it recognizable to neutrophils and macrophages which will phagocytize it)

Question 12

Specialized lymphocytes that have the ability to kill a wide range of infectious microbes are called what?

Answer 12

Natural killer cells

Question 13

Where are natural killer cells located?

Answer 13

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Circulate in blood

Question 14

Natural killer cells can release what two things?

Answer 14

1.) granzymes
(-breaks down proteins and induces apoptosis)
2.) perforin
(-makes perforations, cytolysis)

Question 15

This is involved in both non specific and specific responses

Answer 15

Phagocytosis

Question 16

In non specific responses, phagocytosis involve what cells to engulf microbes?

Answer 16

1.) neutrophils
(-first to arrive at the site of invasion/ short lived)
2.) macrophages

Question 17

A localized response to tissue damage is called?

Answer 17

Inflammation

Question 18

How is inflammation triggered?

Answer 18

Histamine release from mast cells

Question 19

Inflammation is characterized by what 4 symptoms?

Answer 19

Redness
Pain
Heat
Swelling

Question 20

What does NSAIDS stand for, and what are they used for?

Answer 20

Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs ( aspirin, ibuprofen, Advil)
Which inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins which act upon pain receptors

Question 21

Abnormally high body temperature triggered by infection and inflammation is called___?

Answer 21

Fever

Question 22

What are the effects of a fever?

Answer 22

1.) speeds up repair process
2.) inhibits growth of microbes
3.) heat enhances the immune response against invader

Question 23

What are 6 innate forms of immunity?

Answer 23

1.) skin and mucous membranes
2.) anti microbial proteins
3.) natural killer cells
4.) phagocytosis
5.) inflammation
6.) fever

Question 24

How is adaptive immunity distinguished from innate immunity?

Answer 24

1.) specificity
2.) memory

Question 25

What are two types of immune responses?

Answer 25

1.) cell mediated immune responses (CMI)
2.) antibody mediated or hum oral immune responses (AMI)

Question 26

Define antigens

Answer 26

Complex molecules recognized as foreign by immune cells, which provoke an immune response

Question 27

What are two types of antigens?

Answer 27

1.) exogenous
2.) endogenous

Question 28

What is the difference between exogenous and endogenous antigens?

Answer 28

1.) exogenous
-foreign antigens locate outside a cell
-bacteria and bacterial toxins
-inhaled pollen and dust
-viral particles outside cell
2.) endogenous
-foreign antigens produced inside a cell
-viral proteins produced inside a host cell
-abnormal proteins produced by cancerous cells
-transplanted tissue and organs

Question 29

What is major histocompatibility complex? (MHC)

Answer 29

Cells that belong to our own body that have special cell membranes that identify cells as “self”

-MHC’s are unique to everyone ( except identical twins)
-MHC’s are the reason transplanted organs and tissues re rejected

Question 30

What are 2 characteristics of antigens?

Answer 30

1.) immunogenicity ( ability to provoke immune response)
2.) reactivity ( ability of antigen to react specifically with antibodies it provoked

Question 31

What is the difference between cell mediate immune responses and antibody mediated immune responses?

Answer 31

1.) CMI
-specific T cells transform into CYTOTOXIC T CELLS which attack the target cell
2.) AMI
-specific B cells transform into PLASMA CELLS which produce antibodies towards exogenous antigen

Question 32

What is the take home message on phagocytosis?

Answer 32

Macrophages are big eaters. They follow bacteria by chemotaxis and when they get there they eat it ( engulfed by phagocytosis)