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AP2 > Endocrine quiz #5 > Flashcards

Endocrine quiz #5 Flashcards

1
Q

How many endocrine organs are there?

A

9

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2
Q

List the endocrine organs

A

1.) hypothalamus
2.) pituitary
a.) anterior pituitary
b.) Posterior pituitary
3.) thyroid gland
4.) parathyroid gland
5.) Adrenal gland
a.) adrenal cortex
b.) adrenal medulla
6.) pancreas
7.) ovaries/testes
8.) pineal gland
9.) thymus

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3
Q

What endocrine organ is the caster controller in maintaining homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

Which endocrine organ links the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

what does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

.Controls the autonomic nervous system
.regulates bodily functions such as temperature, thirst, hunger etc.

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6
Q

what stimulates the hypothalamus?

A

receives stimuli from many regions of the brain and from sensory organs:
. Pain
. smell
. powerful thoughts
. concentrations of nutrients
. electrolytes
. water and hormones in blood

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7
Q

Does the hypothalamus have releasing or inhibitory hormones?

A

It has both.

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8
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

1.) corticotropin releasing hormone
(CRH)
2.) thyrotropic releasing hormone
(TRH)
3.) gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH)
4.) growth hormone inhibiting hormone
(GHIH)
5.) growth hormone releasing hormone
(GHRH)
6.) prolactin releasing hormone
(PRH)
7.) prolactin inhibitory hormone
(PIH)

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9
Q

what does corticotropin releasing hormone do?

A

.stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone

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10
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of corticotropin?

A

stress related stimuli such as low blood glucose, physical trauma

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11
Q

What does thyrotropin releasing hormone do?

A

.stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone

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12
Q

what stimulates the release of thyrotropin releasing hormone?

A

low blood levels of:
TSH
T3
glucose
metabolic rate

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13
Q

what does gonadotropin releasing hormone do?

A

stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH
( leutinizing hormone, follicle stim.hormone)

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14
Q

What does growth hormone inhibiting hormone do?

A

inhibits anterior pituitary from secreting GH

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15
Q

what does growth hormone releasing hormone do?

A

stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete human growth hormone

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16
Q

What does prolactin releasing hormone do?

A

stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin

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17
Q

what does prolactin inhibitory hormone do?

A

inhibits anterior pituitary from secreting prolactin

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18
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

the brain

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19
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

the brain.
( It hangs down from the hypothalamus by a structure called the infundibulum)

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20
Q

The pituitary gland is split into what parts?

A

1.) anterior pituitary
2.) posterior pituitary

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21
Q

The release and suppression of the anterior pituitary hormones is regulated by what?

A

The releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus

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22
Q

How many hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A

7

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23
Q

how many hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

2

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24
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A

1.) ACTH
( adrenocorticotropic hormone)
2.) TSH
( thyroid stimulating hormone)
3.) FSH
( follicle stimulating hormone)
4.) LH
( luteinizing hormone)
5.) hGH
( human growth hormone)
6.) PRL
(prolactin)
7.) MSH
( menalocyte stimulating hormone)

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25
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

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26
Q

what does TSH do?

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and secrete T3 and T4

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27
Q

What stimulates production of TSH?

A

TRH form the hypothalamus

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28
Q

What does FSH do?

A

.promotes development of ovarian follies each month
.promotes production of estrogens in females
.promotes sperm production in males

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29
Q

What stimulates release of FSH?

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus

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30
Q

what inhibits FSH

A

inhibit produced by ovaries or testes

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31
Q

what does LH do?

A

. stimulates gonads for growth and development and production of sex hormones
. stimulates estrogen formation in ovarian cells
. along with FSH promotes ovulation
. stimulates the formation of corpus lute and promotes its release of progesterone
.estrogen and progesterone prepare the uterus for fertilized egg
. important for milk production

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32
Q

what stimulates release of LH?

A

GnRH

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33
Q

What does hGH do?

A

. an anabolic hormone: stimulates protein synthesis

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34
Q

What stimulates the release of hGH?

A

the hypothalamic hormone GHRH when blood glucose levels are low

35
Q

what inhibits hGH?

A

GHIH when blood glucose levels are high

36
Q

What are some effects hGH has on protein synthesis?

A

.hGH leads to synthesis of insulin like growth factors by cells of the liver, muscle, cartilage and bone which have similar effects as insulin to promote growth of cells
. Thus hH is involved in the growth of bones and muscles in children as well as promoting healing and repair of tissues throughout life

37
Q

What effects does hGH have on lipolysis?

A

. hGH (along with IGF’s) promote lipolysis and the oxidation of glycerol and fatty acids for ATP production important during fasting or starvation

38
Q

Hyposecretion of hGH in childhood can lead to what condition?

A

pituitary dwarfism

39
Q

hyper secretion of hGH in childhood can lead to what condition?

A

giantism

40
Q

hyper secretion of hGH in adulthood can lead to what condition?

A

acromegaly

41
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

.stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands that have already been primed with 6 other hormones

42
Q

what stimulates the release of PRL
( prolactin)

A

PRH produced by the hypothalamus

43
Q

what does MSH do?

A

act on melanocytes in the epidermis to produce pigment

44
Q

what stimulates the release of MSH?

A

CRH

45
Q

what inhibits MSH?

A

dopamine

46
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

1.) Oxytocin
2.) antidiuretic

47
Q

What does oxytocin trigger?

A

1.) milk letdown
2.) uterine contrations

48
Q

What does ADH do?

A

increases water reabsorption in the kidney tubules

49
Q

what stimulates the release of ADH?

A

dehdration
loss of blood
diarrhea
excessive sweating

50
Q

hypo secretion of ADH or insufficient ADH receptors can lead to what condition?

A

diabetes insipidus

51
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

butterfly shaped gland Just below the larynx

52
Q

what hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

t3, t4, calcitonin

53
Q

T3 stands for what hormone?

A

triiodothyronine

54
Q

T4 stands for what hormone?

A

thyroxin

55
Q

what are thyroid hormones made from?

A

tyrosine ( an amino acid) and iodine

56
Q

hyper secretion of thyroid hormones
(hyperthyroidism) leads to what condition/s?

A

.graves disease
. exophthalmos
(protruding eyes)
. hyperthyroidism can also be caused by pituitary tumour or tumour of the thyroid

57
Q

hypothyroidism in adults can be due to what condition?

A

hashimotos thyroiditis

58
Q

Iodine deficiency can lead to what?

A

goiter

59
Q

Were are the parathyroid glands found?

A

small round masses of tissue attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
( usually 2 per side)

60
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid glad secrete?

A

parathyroid hormone

61
Q

what is parathyroid hormone stimulated by?

A

low blood calcium ion levels

62
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do?

A

increases osteoclast activity
(aka promotes breakdown of bone to release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood)

63
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of the kidneys
( also known as suprarenal glands)

64
Q

what are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland?

A

1.) adrenal cortex
2.) adrenal medulla

65
Q

What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland called?

A

adrenal cortex

66
Q

what is the inner layer of the adrenal gland called?

A

adrenal medulla

67
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

steroid hormones such as
1.) mineralocorticoids
(aldosterone)
2.) glucocorticoids
(cortisol)
3.) gonadocorticoids
(androgens)

68
Q

what do mineralocorticoids do?

A

( mainly aldosterone)
acts on the kidneys to:
1.) reabsorb sodium ions into blood
2.) excrete potassium ions into urine
3.) excrete hydrogen ions

69
Q

what do glucocorticoids do?

A

( cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
target the liver and the rest of the body especially the immune system
1.) regulates metabolism
2.) counters inflammation
3.) depresses immune response
4.) helps with fight or flight

70
Q

what stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids?

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary which in turn is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus

71
Q

What disorders are related to issues with glucacorticoids?

A

Addisons disease
cushings disease
bushings syndrome

72
Q

what do gonadocorticoids do?

A

(androgens)
male sex hormones
DHEA

73
Q

excess androgen production in women ( usually due to adrenal tumour) can lead to what conditions?

A

hirsutism
virilism

74
Q

what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine ( also called adrenalin & noradrenalin)

75
Q

99% of cells of the pancreas are what?

A

exocrine cells producing pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes

76
Q

1% of cells of the pancreas are what?

A

endocrine cells concentrated into clusters called pancreatic islets of “ islets of langerhans”

77
Q

there are 4 types of endocrine cells in the islets. what are they?

A

1.) alpha cells
2.) beta cells
3.)
4.)

78
Q

disorders associated with islet dysfunction include what?

A

diabetes mellitus
(type 1, type 2)

79
Q

What hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

A

estrogens, progesterones

80
Q

what hormones are secreted by the testes?

A

androgens such as testosterone

81
Q

What does Pineal mean?

A

shaped like a pinecone

82
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

83
Q

what does melatonin regulate?

A

sleep/wake cycles

84
Q

disorders of melatonin secretion is related to what?

A

seasonal affective disorder ( SAD)
jet lag
insomnia

AP2 (24 decks)

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