Quiz 2 Flashcards
Hypomagnesemia
Metabolic condition seen in adult lactating bovine while feeding on lush pasture
No characteristic necropsy lesions
Not neurological, not infection, nutritional disease
Hypomagnesemia clinical signs
Neuromuscular hyperexcitability (shaking, aggressive, stomping feet)
Uneasiness
Extreme alertness
Skeletal muscle twitching
Aggressive (attack)
Increased temperature, hr, rr
Nervous diarrhea
Hypomagnesemia etiology
Decrease in dietary amount of Mg or increased demand for Mg
-when calving and produce milk, deficient in Mg
Hypomagnesemia diagnosis
Serum Mg levels -get blood sample
Differential: postpartum paresis
Lead poisoning
Rabies
Septicemic meningitis
Lightening strike
Nervous ketosis
History, observation, pe, response to Mg therapy aid in diagnosis, usually calming within 1 hour
Protein supplement grass tetani. Block, primarily beef cow disease
Postpartum paresis
Mild paralysis when calving
Rabies
First sign is behavioral changes
Septicemic meningitis
Blood infection
Inflammation/ infection of outside brain lining
High fever
Ways to stress calf
New feed
New water
New pathogens
New manager
Overwhelming disease
Pecking order
Weaning
Transportation ( no food, water, gas fumes, draft)
Poor feedlot environment ( crowding, wet, humid, change in temp, air quality)
Often 1 or more lead to sick, dead, or ill calves
Considerations to minimize stress
Provide long, mixed hay, palatable clean water, and 1 day rest off truck
Vaccinate, ear tag, weigh, dehorn, deworm, inject w vitamin e/ selenium
1.5-2 ft bunk space per calf
Ventilation; clean pens; isolate sick calves, never mix new calves with ones already on the farm
Start calves on hay (not alfalfa) and increase grain 50% of diet over 10 day period
Use high protein (14-16%) during first 2 weeks, do not use urea
Selenium .3 ppm ( not enough) 1.2% potassium in receiving ration. Se def leads to while muscle disease, trace mineral salt should be fed
Avoid ionophores at high levels during stress, gives palatability issues
Key to nutrition during intake period
Intake
White muscle disease
Weak, Anemia, depressed immune responsiveness, increases susceptibility to disease
Weak in rear legs
Basic fundamentals of dairy management
Good milking & hygiene
Proper feeding
Good sanitation
Good heat detection
AI
Vet role in dairy
Orient loyalty to client first
Make best business oriented decisions
Individualized development and continual evaluation of herd health
Herd health programs aim
To aid animals to fulfill genetic potential for production and therefore profit
Mazimize health for reproduction and nutrition to potentiate genetic potential for profitable production
Components of dairy herd health program
Client- vet meetings
Calf management
Herd reproduction programs
Mastitis management
Herd vaccination policy
Parasite management
Nutrition
Individual animal care
Client- veterinarian meetings
Communication (feelings, what goals are, what they expect)
Mutual respect
Purpose to define goals, deltermine policy and evaluate performance
Individual vs group meetings (group meet once a year)
Calf management
Basic, sound common sense animal husbandry
Sophisticated veterinary medicine
Cow vaccination program, calving area, colostrum management (date for 1 year), dip naval cord in iodine
- calf separated immediately, don’t nurse, need separate space calf hutch/ barn
- do better in winter than summer for calf hutch
Should advise and direct client on sound calf health management
One shot consultations seldom provide any long term satisfaction
Recommendations, implement and evaluate all for program
Client must understand what you want to accomplish and why
Freshening
Calving
Dairy breeds
Ayrshire
Brown Swiss
Jersey
Holstein
Gvernsey
Dairy cows
Get pregnant in 100 days or less, give MLV when open
Give killed vaccine to blow up antibodies
Integral component of calf management
Pre conception cow management
Management of cows during gestation
Calving area management
Pre conception cow management
Great time for MLV vaccine (IBR, PI3, BVD, BRSV)
Sire selection (easy calve), timing of breeding (suitable)
Management of cows during gestation
Work 10 mo on and. 2 mo off
Proper nutrition throughout lactation and dry period
Deficiencies (selenium, energy, vitamin A, D, Calcium, phosphate, and heavy metals) in dam during gestation is linked to increase morbidity and mortality in calves
Avoid over fat dry cows and excessively long dry cow periods which tend to cause metabolic disease of cow ( metritis, rp, lda, ketosis)
- want them to slowly lose weight, gain in dry period
Dry cow vaccines generate peak protection in colostrum (killed)
Calving area management
Ideal calving area= well maintained pasture free of build up ( manure, parasites, bacteria)
Deisgnated calving area adjacent to dry cow pen
Clean, dry straw is bedding of choice
New born calf: give colostrum and disinfect naval cord
Dry cow udder should be closely monitored
Calf 7-14 days old, give free choice water and grain
Confinement calf housing (isolation)
Weaning depends on grain consumption
Records: each calf should have own medical record
Calf vaccinations: retrovirus, coronavirus, BRSV, BVD, IBR, PI3, salmonella, pasturella,
Long term solution to calf disease problems should be
To decrease the predisposing stresses and not simply treat the condition
herd reproduction program
try to breed in 100 day window
focus on periparturient cow and her surroundings, reproductive tracts of fresh cows until conception, system for AI, and pregnancy conformation
all animals easily indefinable
individual records for each cow (calving date, calf info, treatments and diseases, heat dates)
accurate heat detection must for AI timing
natural service programs require decreased skilled labor, don’t miss heat, higher conception rate
best time to Ai
12-18 hours after onset of heat
1.5 avg services per conception
calving interval
present economic factors in non-purebred herds favor
breeding ASAP, 35-45 days post freshening
mastitis prevention program
decreases pathogen exposure to teat.
premilking teat washing removes pathogens, iodin/ H2O solution with individual towels
postmilking teat dipping with iodine/water to decrease bacterial numbers between milkings
dry cow therapy
elimiates existing infections and to prevent new infections during dry cow period
clinical mastitis
clumps, smell, swollen udder, can see issue
subclinical mastitis
worse because go unnoticed
no hint anything is wrong
mastitis management
mastitis is major component of dairyman’s financial loss to animal disease
mastitis cows should be milked last to prevent new infections
post-milking cows should exit clean and dry and be kept standing for 1 hour after milking, have feed available to accomplish
bulk milk samples should be collected monthly for qualitative bacteriology and somatic cell counts (# WBC)
inflation sanitation
backflush with iodine through milking system
California mastitis test
milk sample into each well from each teat
squirt few out first due to being high in cells
rock so same amount in 4 wells, add regiment and swirl
herd vaccination policy
goals= maximize dairy profits and prevent disease outbreaks
prudent and economical (choose vacc needed)
consider existing herd management, diseases endemic to area any disease problems or potential specific to that herd
formulate the health program and implement it at the proper time
BRSV, BVD, IBR, PI3, clostridial diseases, vibriosis, brucellosis, leptosporosis, pastuerllosis
pi3
cause bovine respiratory disease complex, needed everywhere
clostridial diseases
overeating, tetanus, yearly
vibriosis
bacteria causing abortion
leptosporosis
causes infertility and abortion
pasterurellosis
bacteria that causes pneumonia
parasite management
internal and external parasites decrease profitability
stomach & intestinal worms, lung worms, screw worms, coccidia, lice, liver flukes, ticks, face flies, biting flies etc
deworm calves often, cows not as much
nutrition
major factor in herd health and production
feed costs= 1/2 dairyman’s cost of production
formulate specific nutritional programs for each segment of the herd
many problems are nutritionally induced
nutritional segments
bottle/ bucket calves (milk replacer)
growing heifers
market steers
dry cow ration
lactation ration
high energy top producer ration
individual animal care
sick cow exams, calf disease, surgeries, dystocia’s, emergencies
TLC
IV/ oral fluids
steroids
force feed
treatment (sling, roll, move)
steroid treatment
stimulate appetite to make feel better, suppresses immune system
certified free
no active state case
